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. 2019 Dec 18;9:19358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55903-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of CBNs on leaf relative water content of Catharanthus cultivated at CNT -mixed soil (A) and graphene mixed soil (B) in conditions of more water deficit stress. Measurement of moisture content of Catharanthus cultivated soil mixed with CNTs (C) and graphene (D). The final concentrations of CNTs and graphene were 20 mg and 80 mg per 400 g of soil mix. Delivery of CNT to soil mix was achieved by the addition of CNT or graphene solution to the soil for 4 weeks. The experiments were repeated twice (n = 5 for (A,B) and n = 10 for (C,D) (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).