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. 2019 Dec 18;9:19358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55903-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term application of CBNs to salty soil reduced the toxic effects of salt and improved the growth and yield of cotton. The introduction of CBNs to salty soil positively affected the fiber yield of cotton cultivated in the soil supplemented with CNTs (A,C) and in soil supplemented with graphene (B,D) under imposed salt stress condition. Control cotton plants were grown in regular soil, NaCl treated cotton plants were grown in soil supplemented with 100 mM NaCl and CBNs exposed cotton plants were grown in salty soil (100 mM NaCl) supplemented with CNTs or graphene in a wide range of concentrations. The experiment was repeated twice (n = 8 for each treatment and for control) The statistical significance was determined as compared to cotton plants treated with 100 mM NaCl by p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).