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. 2019 Dec 18;9:19358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55903-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The phenotype of Catharanthus plants grown in conditions of water deficit stress in presence of CBNs. Effects of CNTs (A,C,E) and graphene (B,D,F) on the phenotype of Catharanthus at day-0 (A,B), day-7 (C,D) and day-15 (E,F) of water deficit stress. The final concentrations of CNTs and graphene were 20 mg and 80 mg per 400 g of soil mix. Delivery of CBNs to soil mix was achieved by the addition of CNTs or graphene solution to the soil for 4 weeks. The experiments were repeated twice (n = 10 for each treatment and for control).