Table 3.

The effects of solid-state fermented rapeseed meal and canola meal on performance, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.

Substrate	Microorganism	Results	Reference
Rapeseed meal	Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis	Improved BWG and FCR compared to broilers fed unfermented rapeseed meal but did not differ from the SBM control. Increased LAB counts in the colon and caecal digesta when compared to broilers fed the control and unfermented rapeseed meal diets. Improved villus height and VH:CD ratio in the ileum and jejunum.	Chiang et al. (2010)
	Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis	Had no negative effect on performance of broilers at 10% inclusion in place of SBM, but BWG decreased at 15% inclusion. Up to 10% inclusion improved VH:CD ratio in the jejunum of broilers	Xu et al. (2012)
	Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, Enterococcus faecalis	Increased villus height and VH:CD ratio, decreased crypt depth and intestinal wall thickness in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum in broilers	Hu et al. (2016)
Canola meal	Lactobacillus salivarius	Inclusion rates higher than 10% reduced performance during 1 to 28 d, but no detrimental effects was observed when used up to 30% during 29 to 35 d under unheated and heated conditions	Aljuobori et al. (2014)

BWG = body weight gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; LAB = lactic acid bacteria; VH:CD ratio = villus height to crypt depth ratio; SBM = soybean meal.