Table 4.

The effects of solid-state fermented cottonseed meal on performance, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.

Microorganism	Results	Reference
Bacillus subtilis BJ-1	Improved the BWG and FI of broilers at 8% dietary inclusion	Tang et al. (2012)
Bacillus subtilis BJ-1	Had no detrimental effect on performance as compared to control when included at 80 g/kg of diet. No effect on intestinal microbial diversity of broiler chickens but shifted intestinal microbiota with a more homogenous population and increased colonization of LAB.	Sun et al. (2013a)
Bacillus subtilis BJ-1	Inclusion at 40 and 80 g/kg improved BWG. Increased LAB counts in the caecal digesta of broilers. Decreased coliform bacteria counts. Increased villus height in the duodenum, elevated villus height and VH:CD ratio in the jejunum. Improvement in jejunal villus height of broilers. Improved the activities of amylase and protease in the intestine	Sun et al. (2013b)
Candida utilis	Inclusion at 155 g/kg improved ADG and FCR higher than in broilers fed cottonseed meal but did not differ from SBM control	Xiong et al. (2016)
Bacillus subtilis ST-141, Saccharomycetes N5	Over 42 d, no detrimental effect on ADG among SBM, cottonseed meal and SSF cottonseed meal (diet 1) groups. Decreased ADG in broilers fed SSF cottonseed meal (diet 2). Increased LAB counts in the caecal digesta of broilers fed SSF cottonseed meal diets compared with cottonseed meal diet	Wang et al. (2017)

BWG = body weight gain; FI = feed intake; LAB = lactic acid bacteria; VH:CD ratio = villus height to crypt depth ratio; ADG = average daily gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; SBM = soybean meal.