Anodic stripping voltammograms (ASVs) obtained by forming a half-metalloimmunoassay with the conjugates in a microtiter plate, adding KMnO4 to oxidize bound AgNPs, transferring the entire contents of each well to a carbon paste working electrode, and then carrying out the electrochemical protocol discussed in the text. The scan rate was 50 mV/s. For clarity, only one ASV trace is shown for each conjugate, but the measurements were carried out in triplicate. The position of the ASV peaks varies due to the use of a quasi-carbon reference electrode.