Table 3.

Effects of Nurse–Physician Teamwork on Surgical Patient Mortality and Failure-to-Rescue

	Unadjusted	Patient, hospital characteristics	Fully adjusted with interaction of teamwork and staffing	Fully adjusted with interaction of teamwork and education
	Odds Ratios from Models for Patient Mortality
	OR	OR	OR	OR
	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
Teamwork	0.90***	0.95***	0.95***	0.95***
	(0.89–0.91)	(0.94–0.97)	(0.94–0.97)	(0.93–0.96)
Staffing		1.03**	1.04***	1.03**
		(1.02–1.04)	(1.03–1.05)	(1.02–1.04)
Nurse education		0.94***	0.94***	0.93***
		(0.92–0.95)	(0.92–0.95)	(0.91–0.94)
Teamwork x Staffing			1.02***
			(1.01–1.03)
Teamwork x Education				0.98*
				(0.96–0.99)
	Odds Ratios from Models for Failure-To-Rescue
	OR	OR	OR	OR
	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
Teamwork	0.91***	0.95***	0.94***	0.94***
	(0.89–0.92)	(0.94–0.96)	(0.93–0.96)	(0.93–0.96)
Staffing		1.03***	1.04***	1.03**
		(1.02–1.04)	(1.03–1.06)	(1.02–1.04)
Nurse education		0.93***	0.93***	0.93***
		(0.92–0.95)	(0.92–0.95)	(0.91–0.94)
Teamwork x Staffing			1.03***
			(1.02–1.04)
Teamwork x Education				0.98*
				(0.96–0.99)

Note. OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. Nurse–physician teamwork is standardized in standard deviation units, staffing is centered on the mean, and education reflects a 10% increase in BSN nurses by standard deviation. Control variables in the adjusted models include patient (age, gender, comorbidities, type of surgery, and whether they were transferred), nurse characteristics (whether they worked in the ICU), and hospital characteristics (bed size, technology level, teaching status, and state).

^* p < .05

^** p < .01

^*** p < .001.