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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Shock. 2020 Apr;53(4):476–484. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001394

Figure 1: Catecholamines induce ER stress in HepG2 cells.

Figure 1:

A) Representative Western blot of BiP in HepG2 cells exposed to different levels of norepinephrine for 24 hours. B) Representative Western blot of BiP in HepG2 cells exposed to different levels of epinephrine for 24 hours. C) Quantification of BiP protein levels in cells exposed to norepinephrine. D) Quantification of BiP protein levels in cells exposed to epinephrine. Each bar shows the relative ratio of BiP level normalized to α- tubulin. The ER stress inducer Thapsigargin (Tg, 1.5 μM) is shown as positive control. E) Immunostaining of cleaved-ATF6 (red), ER (green), and nuclei (blue) upon stimulation with norepinephrine (100 μM) and Thapsigargin (1.5 μM) is shown alongside the quantification of ATF6 + cells. Experiments were repeated 3 separate times with a total sample size (n=8–9) per group included in the analysis. *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 vs CTL.