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. 2019 Nov 25;8(1):A0074. doi: 10.5702/massspectrometry.A0074

Table 4. Allowed valence states of common atoms in positive ions.

graphic file with name massspectrometry-8-1-A0074-table04.jpg

① Valence state in normal organic molecule with no charge and no unpaired electrons ② One valence reduced state with an unpaired electron ③ Valence state with one electron less than the atom’s unshared electron pair ④ Positively charged state with increase of atomic valence (electron sufficient hetero atoms) ⑤ Positively charged state with decrease of atomic valence (electron deficient carbon atom)