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. 2019 Nov 13;9(11):735. doi: 10.3390/biom9110735

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Angiogenesis activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) via hypoxia dependent and hypoxia independent pathways. The hypoxia dependent pathway increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression via the phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit/AKT serine/threonine kinases/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), and MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinases) signaling cascades via HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor1-alpha) and p70S6K1 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1), which release various cytokines, growth factors, and up-regulation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) leading to angiogenesis. The hypoxia independent pathway leads to angiogenesis through oxidative lipid ligands which activates NF-кB (Nuclear factor kappa subunit B) via Toll-like receptors (TLRs).