Table 5.

Gastroprotective activity of α-pinene and β-pinene.

S. No.	Source/Species	Model	Plant Portion	Method	Result	Ref
α-pinene
16	Sigma-Aldrich and Hyptis species	Swiss mice	EO	Different doses of ethanol and indomethacin (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) were used to induced gastric ulcers. Acute gastric lesions were introduced into rats, and these rats fasted for 12 h. After that, rats were administered with 0.5 mL of vehicle (0.1% tween-80), ranitidine (40 mg/kg), and α-pinene (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) dissolved in vehicle	α-pinene decreased ethanol-induced gastric mucosa lesion and produced gastroprotective effects similar to ranitidine (40 mg/kg). There were no remarkable variations between lesions area of α-pinene and vehicle-pretreated mice	[46]
17	Pistacia atlantica	Wistar strain mal albino rats	Oleoresin (EO)	EO was supplemented with varying doses in the selected mice. Mice were kept under observation after 72 h to determine toxicity (restlessness, dullness, and agitation). 80% ethanol was supplemented. Rats were sacrificed 2 h after to remove stomachs. Gastric ulcers were determined using microscopy. H. pylori strains were cultured	EO was harmless up to 2000 mg/kg. Strains of H. pylori were sensitive to EO. MIC values ranged from 0.275 to 1.100 mg/mL. EO considerably decreased ethanol-stimulated peptic ulcer. Pretreatment with EO reduced ethanol-stimulated gastric tissue damage and necrosis	[47]
19	Sigma-Aldrich	C57BL/6 mice	-	Mice were fasted for 18 h, followed by stimulation of acute pancreatitis (AP). AP was treated in every h (for 6 h) by cerulein (50 µg/kg i.p.). α-pinene was vaccinated at varying doses before the first cerulein injection.	After α-pinene stimulation, PW/BW proportion was reduced. Lipase and amylase levels were enhanced in serum during cerulein-induced AP, whereas α-pinene decreased them	[64]
33	Aldrich cehmicals	Barred Rock Chickens	-	Livers of 16- to 18-day-old embryos of identified chickens were cultured and compared with white Leghorn embryos for knowing the behavior. Porphyrins were analyzed fluorimetrically	α-pinene formed some amount of porphyrins in chick embryo liver cells. α-pinene led to the deposition of 100-150 porphyrins/mg (copro- and protoporphyrins) protein at the highest screened dose (1 mM).	[65]
α- and β-pinene
15	Eucalyptus tereticornis	Male Wistar rats	EO of whole plant	Liquid test meal comprising phenol red was supplemented, and gastric emptying was analyzed after varying time intervals	Studied species and their components reduced gastric retention in mice, and α- and β-pinene enhanced gastric tonus in anesthetized rats	[45]