Figure 2.

Effect of irs knockdown on age of foraging onset for all bees in (a) colony 1 and (b) colony 2. There was a significant overall effect of treatment on age of foraging onset in both colony 1 (Kaplan–Meier: χ² = 15.3, p < 0.0001; n = 456) and (b) colony 2 (Kaplan–Meier: χ² = 9.9, p = 0.007, n = 438). irs knockdown (IRS) induced an early onset of foraging behavior relative to injected GFP controls in both colonies (Cox–Mantel: Colony 1: p = 0.039, Colony 2: p = 0.011). There was no effect of handling or injection stress on age of first foraging (Cox–Mantel: Colony 1: p = 0.23, Colony 2: p = 0.72).