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. 2019 Nov 5;10(11):390. doi: 10.3390/insects10110390

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of irs knockdown on total lifespan for all bees by host colony. (a) irs knockdowns (IRS) foraged earlier than injected controls (GFP: Kaplan–Meier: χ² = 17.1, p = 0.0001 n = 857, Cox–Mantel: p = 0.0041). There was no effect of handling stress when the GFP group was compared with the non-handled reference group (NoI: Cox–Mantel: p = 0.37). (b) The same pattern was observed in colony 2 (Kaplan–Meier: χ² = 34.4, p < 0.0001, n = 1114, Cox–Mantel: IRS vs GFP p = 0.001, GFP vs NoI p = 0.73).