Table 3.

Challenges and research opportunities in adopting biochemical measure–based sensing methods.

Challenge	Research opportunity
On-body biochemical monitoring	Apply wearable biochemical sensors to monitor electrolytes, metabolites, and proteins in biological fluids (eg, saliva, sweat, and interstitial fluid)
Stability of wearable sensors under different environmental conditions for metabolites, electrolytes, and proteins	Develop stable biochemical tests to determine concentrations (bioassays) of glucose, lactate, cortisol, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and potassium, which require limited handling and refrigeration with dehydration or freeze-drying methods
Reusable vs single-use wearable sensors	Develop low-cost battery and energy harvesting solutions to enable single-use and multiuse modes of operation