Table 4.
Biomedical applications of ZnO NPs.
| Biomedical Application | Morphology/Structure | Test System | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticancer activity | [1,2,5] | ||
| Paclitaxel or cisplatin-ZnO | Photo-stimulated paclitaxel or cisplatin-ZnO NPs under UV-A irradiation | HNSCC cells | [161] |
| VP-16-Fe3O4@ZnO:Er3+,Yb3+@β-CD | VP-16 released from Fe3O4@ZnO:Er3+,Yb3+@β-CD NPs after microwave-triggering | MCF-7 cells | [162] |
| Doxorubicin-ZnO | Starch-stabilized ZnO NPs | MCF-7 cells | [163] |
| Daunorubicin-ZnO | Multilamellar liposomes with hexagonal ZnO NP cores | A549 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cells | [164] |
| Aminopolysiloxane-capped ZnO NPs | K562 (sensitive leukemia) and K562/A02 (resistant leukemia) cells | [28] | |
| Antidiabetic activity | [165,166,167] | ||
| Vildagliptin + ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs (mixed shape,~20 nm) |
Rats, type 2 diabetes | [165] |
| ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs (spherical shape, 10–15 nm) |
Rats, type 1 and 2 diabetes | [166] |
| Antimicrobial activity | [6,34] | ||
| ZnO | Self-assembled ZnO NP network structure on Si wafer under dual UV irradiation (ZnO 0.05 mg/mL, UV 10 sec, 5 or 120 min incubation) |
E. coli | [13] |
| ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs with/without dual UV irradiation (~100 nm, ZnO 1.0 mg/mL, UV 30 sec, 30 min incubation) | Escherichia coli, M13 bacteriophages | [116] |
| Gentamicin + ZnO | Mesoporous ZnO structures on Si substrates (guest-host structures) |
In vitro release for 7 days | [121] |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | [168,169] | ||
| ZnO (74% Lyocell fiber, 19% Smart Cell sensitive fiber, and 7% spandex) | ZnO-functionalized textile (Benevit Zink+) | Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae (for atopic dermatitis patients) | [10] |
| ZnO–TiO2 | ZnO NP-embedded TiO2 nanotubes | Macrophage-like RAW 264.7 (murine leukemic monocyte) cells, S. aureus |
[170] |
| Magnesium/epoxy resin-ZnO/poly-capro- lactone-ibuprofen |
Multifunctional microstructure (coating) |
In vitro release | [171] |
| Wound healing | [172,173,174,175] | ||
| ZnO | ZnO NPs (antimicrobial tissue adhesive, 71.1 nm) |
Skin wound closure (E. coli and adhesion test) |
[176] |
| Alginate/ZnO | Alginate/nano-ZnO composite bandages | Infected wounds (S. aureus and E. coli) |
[177] |
| ZnO | ZnO NPs (boiling method-based synthesis) |
Wound dressing (adipocyte-derived stem cell proliferation) |
[178] |
| ZnO | Topical ZnO formulations (Increased local Zn and basal cell metallothionein in wound margins for accelerated wound healing) |
Wound dressing (surgical wound model in Sprague-Dawley rat) |
[179] |
| Cod liver oil/ZnO | Zincojecol (ointment containing cod liver oil and ZnO) |
Wound dressing (tail skin, retarded wound model by dexamethasone) |
[180] |
| Imaging agents | [181,182] | ||
| Folic acid-ZnO QD | Folic acid-modified ZnO nanocrystals (NIR excitation) |
KB (oral carcinoma) cells | [183] |
| ZnO QD | ZnO QDs (3–4 nm) immobilized on silica nanospheres (~150–200 nm) (photoluminescence) |
Photoluminescence intensity | [184] |
| Sensors | [185,186] | ||
| ZnO | Three-dimensional interconnected ZnO nanostructures (macro-mesoporosity) |
Acetone/methanol detection | [29] |
| ZnO | ZnO nano-brush and pearl chain-like nanowire | Selective/sensitive ethanol sensing | [187] |
| Mn-ZnO | Interlocking p + n field-effect transistor circuit of Mn-doped ZnO NPs | Acetone sensing (> 2 ppm) |
[188] |
| ZnO | Aligned ZnO nanorods | Epinephrine sensing | [189] |
| ZnO | ZnO electrodes on flexible porous polyimide substrates | Cardiac troponin sensing | [190] |
| ZnO | ZnO nanorod field-effect transistors (FETs) | Glucose, cholesterol, and urea sensing | [57] |
| Au–ZnO | Gold (Au)–ZnO hybrid NP films | Optical and impedimetric analyses | [191] |