Table 2.

Comparison of rumen fermentation variables in dairy cows fed Perilla frutescens leaf (PFL) and control (CON) diets.

Items	Treatments a				SEM	p-Value
	CON	SD	PFL	SD
pH	6.20	0.23	6.47	0.22	0.075	0.04
Ammonia-nitrogen, mg/dL	9.97	4.99	8.66	2.20	1.825	0.63
Concentration, mmol/L
Total VFA a	67.8	13.1	71.5	15.5	6.33	0.70
Acetate	42.6	9.56	42.8	9.34	4.12	0.96
Propionate	15.7	2.91	18.2	3.78	1.52	0.30
Butyrate	7.39	1.58	8.15	2.11	0.741	0.50
Valerate	0.99	0.22	1.15	0.28	0.099	0.29
Isobutyrate	0.41	0.09	0.43	0.12	0.052	0.79
Isovalerate	0.7	0.22	0.69	0.25	0.12	0.94
Molar proportion, %
Acetate	62.6	3.92	59.9	1.35	1.1	0.14
Propionate	23.4	3.50	25.6	1.85	1.13	0.23
Butyrate	10.9	0.95	11.3	0.62	0.22	0.20
Valerate	1.46	0.19	1.61	0.14	0.05	0.08
Isobutyrate	0.6	0.07	0.6	0.14	0.05	0.98
Isovalerate	1.03	0.20	0.96	0.31	0.129	0.73
Acetate: propionate	2.74	0.55	2.35	0.21	0.162	0.14

^a VFA = volatile fatty acids; SD = standard deviations; SEM = standard error mean