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(a) Cold crank response of the LMO/LTO A cell at −30 °C; (inset) one pulse that consists of 0.5 s of scaled 6 kW (∼16 C) and 4 s of scaled 4 kW (∼10.5 C), (b) end of voltages after each pulse of LMO/LTO A 3 wt % carbon black, LTO B 3 wt % carbon black, and LTO A 5 wt % carbon black at −30 °C, and (c) at 25 °C.
