Table 2.
Description of various ways of characterizing the studies (n = 19). Outcome difference is reported only between children/adolescents with JIA and those without JIA, not between subgroups of JIA patients
| # Study | Matching Exclusion criteria Non-respondents: Reported (+) Not reported (−) |
No of examiners Calibration | JIA assessment | Radio-graphs | Use of diagnostic tools | Outcome difference, Significantly higher: + Significantly lower: - No such difference: 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed N et al. 2004 |
Gender Ethnicity Mean age: JIA: 8.9 yrs. (3.2) No JIA: 9.2 yrs. (3.2) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (inter- and intra-examiner results) |
Not reported | No |
Caries: dmfs/dmft, DMFS/DMFT (WHO criteria) [42] Dental Plaque: Plaque score (modified O’Leary index) [43] Gingival inflammation: Simplified Gingival Index (SGI) [43] Spontaneous gingival bleeding. Enamel defects: Federation Dentaire Internationale FDI notation [44] TMJ dysfunction: Signs and symptoms of TMJ disorders (WHO criteria) [45] |
dmft/dms: 0 DMFT/DMFS: 0 Untreated caries: + Plaque: 0 Gingival inflammation: + Enamel defects: 0 TMJ dysfunction: + |
| Feres de Melo AR et al. 2014 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 9.3 yrs. (1.9) No JIA: 9.5 yrs. (1.8) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) |
Medication | No |
Caries: dmft/DMFT (WHO 1987) [46] Dental Plaque: Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) [47] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index (GI) [48] |
dmft: 0 DMFT: 0 OHI –S: + GI: 0 |
| Lehtinen A et al. 2000 |
Mean age: JIA, girls: 10.4 yrs. (2.2), boys: 10.3 yrs. (2.4) No JIA, girls: 9.5 yrs. (1.6), boys: 9.8 yrs. (1.9) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (inter- and intra-examiner results) |
Medication | OPG |
Tooth calcification (dental maturation): |
Tooth calcification (dental maturation): + |
| Leksell E et al. 2008 |
Mean age: JIA: 13.6 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 13.1 yrs. (1.1) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) |
1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (inter- examination, but not reported) |
Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability |
BW |
Caries: DMFS (enamel caries included) Plaque and calculus [51] Bleeding on probing (BOP): Presence or absence Probing depth (> 2 mm) (PD): Probe in longitudinal axis of the tooth Clinical attachment loss (> 1 mm) (CAL): Distance between cemento-enamel junction and the most apical portion of the probe [51] Oral ulceration: (discontinuation of the epithelia ≥3 mm) Oral Questionnaire: subjective symptoms, tooth brushing habits |
DMFS: 0 Plaque: + Calculus: + BOP: + PD: + Oral ulceration: + Self-reported ulcers: + Self-reported pain or weakness in the hand: + Self-reported pain/TMD: + |
| Miranda LA et al. 2003 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 15.9 yrs. (2.7) No JIA: 14.7 yrs. (2.3) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (no results) |
Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability |
BW |
Dental Plaque: Visible Plaque Index (presence or absence) Gingival inflammation: Gingival bleeding index (GBI) (presence or absence) Probing depth (≥ 4 mm) (PD): Distance between the gingival margin and the most apical portion the probe can reach Clinical attachment level (CAL): Distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the most apical portion the probe can reach; attachment loss (AL) when ≥2 mm |
Plaque: 0 Bleeding scores: 0 PD: + AL: (≥2 mm): + |
| Pugliese C et al. 2016 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 11.9 yrs. (2.0) No JIA: 12.5 yrs. (3.0) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) |
Number of examiners not reported Calibration: (no results) |
Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation |
OPG |
Caries: DMFT Dental Plaque: Plaque Index (PI) [52] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index (GI) Gingival bleeding index (GBI) [53] Clinical dental attachment: Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ): the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ Clinical Attachment Level (CAL): the sum of PPD and CEJ [54] Radiographic evaluation of TMJ: Orthopantomographic X-ray abnormalities (4 grades of severity) [55] |
DMFT: 0 PI: 0 GI: 0 GBI: 0 PPD: 0 CEJ: + CAL: 0 |
| Reichert S et al. 2006 |
Gender Ethnicity Median age: JIA: 14.4 yrs. (range 12–19) No JIA: 15.0 yrs. (range 13–19) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (no results) |
Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation |
No |
Dental Plaque: Approximal Plaque Index (API) [56] Gingival inflammation: Modified sulcular bleeding (GBI) [57] Clinical attachment level: CAL > 3.5 mm considered pathological according WHO report 1978 [58] Assessment of CAL severity and treatment need: Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) |
API: + SBI: 0 CAL > 3.5: + CPITN: 0 |
| Santos D et al. 2015 |
Mean age: JIA: 9.8 yrs. (2.86) No JIA: 10.8 yrs.(2.16) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) |
1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) |
Medication Disease assessment OHRQoL (evaluated by caregivers) |
No |
Caries: dmft/DMFT Oral hygiene: Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (S-OHI) Gingival inflammation: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) Signs of TMDs: RDC/TMDS criteria OHRQoL: SF:13-B-PCPQ-scale [59] |
dmft: - DMFT: 0 S-OHI: 0 GBI: + TMD: 0 OHRQoL: 0 |
| Savioli C et al. 2004 |
No matching Median age: JIA: 10.8 yrs. (range 4.7–20) No JIA: 9.4 yrs. (range 5.4–14) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (calibrated, but results not reported) |
Disease assessment Functional ability |
No |
Caries: DMFT, WHO criteria [45] Oral hygiene: Dental Plaque Index (PI) [52] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) [60] TMJ dysfunction: Helkimo’s index [61] |
DMFT: 0 PI: 0 GI: 0 TMJ dysfunction: + |
| Welbury RR et al. 2003 |
Gender Median age: JIA: 17.9 yrs. (range 2–50) No JIA: 10.8 yrs. Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (inter-examiner results) |
Disease assessment | No |
Caries: dmft/DMFT (BASCD criteria) [62] Gingival inflammation: Gingival Index GI [48] Oral hygiene: The Plaque Index (PI) [63] and the Oral Cleanliness Index [64] |
dmft (0–11 yrs): + DMFT: 0 D (12–17 yrs): + GI: + PI: + Oral cleanliness: - |
| Miranda LA et al. 2005 |
Mean age: JIA: 15.6 yrs. (2.7) No JIA: 14.7 yrs. (2.3) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Blinded Calibration: (no results) |
Medication Disease assessment |
BW |
Dental Plaque: Visible Plaque Index Gingival inflammation: Marginal Gingival Bleeding (GBI) Probing depth (≥ 4 mm) (PD) Clinical Attachment Level (CAL): Approximal attachment loss (AL) ≥2 mm |
Visible plaque: 0 GBI: 0 PD > 4 mm: + AL ≥2 mm: + |
| Miranda LA et al. 2006 |
Mean age: JIA: 17.3 yrs. (2.6) No JIA: 16.6 yrs. (1.5) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
2 examiners Calibration: (inter-examiner results) |
Medication Disease assessment (same as above) |
BW | Same variables as above |
After 2-yr-follow-up: Visible plaque: 0 GB: 0 PD ≥4 mm: 0 AL ≥2 mm: 0 |
| Maspero C et al. 2017 |
No matching Mean age: JIA: “Etanercept group”: 13 yrs., 10 mo JIA: “Other medication group”: 10 yrs., 11 mo No JIA: 13 yrs. 6 mo Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) |
Disease assessment | No |
Dental Plaque: Full-Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) Gingival Bleeding: Full-Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS) |
FMPS: + (highest mean in Etanercept group) GI: 0 |
| Al Shwaikh H et al. 2016 |
Mean age: JIA: 14.2 yrs. (range 9–17) No JIA: 13.7 yrs. (range 10–17) Exclusion criteria not listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1 examiner, supervised by radiologist. Calibration: (intra-examiner results) |
Assessment of TMJ | CBCT |
TMJ destruction features according to criteria for computerized tomography images [65] |
Condylar head: Hypoplasia: + Subcortical sclerosis: + Subcortical cyst: + Surface flattening: + Surface erosion: + Osteophyte: + Fossa articulare: Surface flattening: + |
|
Abdul-Aziez OA et al. 2010 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 14.3 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 14.5 yrs. (2.9) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
Calibration: (no results) |
Medication Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability |
MRI |
Clinical assessment of TMJ [66] Jaw mobility: maximal interincisal mouth opening (MIO); restricted when MIO: ≤40 mm [67] MRI evaluation of TMJ: destruction features according MR [68] |
TMJ clinical arthritis parameters: + MIO: - MR score: + |
| Mohammed Y et al. 2012 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 14.1 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 14.5 yrs. (2.8) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
Calibration: (no results) |
Disease assessment Laboratory evaluation Functional ability |
MRI |
Clinical assessment of TMJ [66] Jaw mobility: maximal interincisal mouth opening (MIO) MRI evaluation of TMJ: destruction features according MR [68] |
TMJ clinical arthritis parameters: + MIO: - MR score: + |
| Leksel E et al. 2012 |
Gender Mean age: JIA: 13.6 yrs. (2.3) No JIA: 13.1 yrs. (1.1) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) |
Examined by 1 senior orofacial pain specialist and 1 specialist in oral radiology Calibration: (no results) |
Medication Disease assessment Functional ability |
OPG |
Orofacial pain/TMJ pain [69, 70] Clinical assessment of TMJ [71] Radiographic evaluation of TMJ [71] |
Orofacial pain or TMJ pain: + Orofacial pain - daily life: + Clinical findings: Limited jaw opening: + TMJ sounds: + TMJ and muscle palpation pain: + Tender muscle sites: + Radiographic condylar changes of TMJ: + |
| Kobus A et al. 2017 |
Gender Ethnicity Mean age: JIA: 12.3 yrs. (4.6) No JIA: 12.6 yrs. (4.4) Exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (+) |
1 examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) |
Not reported |
Caries: dmft/DMFT, WHO criteria [46] Gingival inflammation: GI index [72] Oral hygiene (OHI-S index) [47] |
dmft: 0: DMFT: 0 GI: 0 OHI-S: 0 |
|
| Ley M et al. 2009 |
Mean age: JIA: 12.6 yrs. (range 7.8–16.7) No JIA: norms of dental age from population studies (Germany, Holland, France-Canada) No exclusion criteria listed Non-respondents: (−) |
1examiner Calibration: (intra-examiner results) |
Not reported. | OPG | Dental maturation [73] | Dental maturation: 0 |