Box 3 Innovations to address AMR

Surveillance: • Harmonise sample and data collection procedures and enable access to samples and data for testing and mining. • Adopt molecular epidemiology using whole-genome sequencing to complement phenotypic studies for transmission dynamics. Diagnostics: • Develop rapid diagnostic or point-of-care diagnostics for quick identification of pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility. • Develop non-pathogen-based approaches that exploit human response signatures to complement existing pathogen-targeted technologies. Therapeutics: • Collaborate with regulatory agencies to shorten the timeline for drug development at all stages, from target discovery to clinical trials, thus reducing the cost of developing new AMR therapeutics. • Develop new vaccine and antibiotic pipelines, and explore innovative approaches such as immunotherapy, phage therapy, drug repurposing, and combination therapy.