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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Chemosphere. 2019 Mar 12;225:588–607. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.042

Table 1.

H2O2 production rate and current efficiency in literature.

Cathode pH Current density (A m−2) Time (min) O2 flow rate (L min−1) [H2O2] (mg cm−2 h−1) Current efficiency (%) Ref.
Commonly used carbon materials
Graphite 3 600 150 Air aeration 0.0087 - (Khataee et al., 2017)
Graphite Na2SO4/NaHSO4 buffer −0.9 V (vs. SCE) 500 0.13 0.24 41–62 (Da Pozzo et al., 2005)
Graphite felt 3 132 300 0.14 0.11 - (Zarei et al., 2009)
Graphite felt 3 50 60 0 0.58 33–56 (Yu et al., 2014)
Carbon felt 3 161 180 0.1 0.62 - (Özcan et al., 2008b)
RVC foam 7 125 40 0 0.67 7 (Zhou et al., 2018b)
RVC foam 2 167 70 0 0.25 4 (Zhou et al., 2018d)
Activated carbon fiber 3 180 180 0.1 0.55 - (Wang et al., 2005)
Introduction of other active carbon materials
Graphene/Carbon black/PTFE/GF 7 −0.9 V (vs. SCE) 120 0.7 (air aeration) 7.7 42–92 (Yang et al., 2017)
Activated carbon/PTFE/GF 3 200 300 0.14 2.00 16–45 (Zarei et al., 2009)
CNTs/PTFE/GF 3 200 300 0.14 4.85 40–61 (Zarei et al., 2009)
CNTs/PTFE/Graphite 3 25 180 2.5 (air aeration) 0.04 - (Khataee et al., 2011)
Carbon black/PTFE/GF 7 50 60 0 22.3 68–98 (Yu et al., 2015)
Acetylene black/PTFE 3 200 150 2.0 6.0 92.7 (Sheng et al., 2011)
Hydrazine hydrate modified GF 6.4 −0.65 V (vs. SCE) 120 0.4 0.96 70–85 (Zhou et al., 2013a)
Polypyrrole/MWCNT/Graphite a 3 −0.55 V (vs. SCE) 10 0.3 (air aeration) 0.34 - (Babaei-Sati and Basiri Parsa, 2017a)
Polyaniline/MWCNT/SS 2 −0.6 V (vs. SCE) 60 0.3 (air aeration) 0.19 41–85 (Babaei-Sati and Basiri Parsa, 2017b)
Doping with hetero-atoms
Electrochemically oxidized GF 7 −0.4 V (vs. SCE) 80 0.04 0.22 - (Miao et al., 2014)
Electrochemically oxidized GF 6.4 −0.65 V (vs. SCE) 120 0.4 1.56 65–90 (Zhou et al., 2013b)
Electrochemically oxidized RVC foam 7 125 50 0 0.33 - (Zhou et al., 2018a)
Biomass derived N/C catalyst 13 −0.6746 V (vs. RHE) 90 Pre-saturated with O2 1.69 g (g[cat] h)−1 40 (Yang et al., 2017)
N-doped meso-porous carbon 0.1 M HClO4 −0.1 V (vs. RHE) 344 (5.74 h) 0.226 0.17 g (g[cat] h)−1 65 (Fellinger et al., 2012)
N-enriched graphitic carbon 6 10 60 - 0.07 - (Zhu et al., 2018)
N-functionalized CNT cathode 3 −0.85 V (vs. RHE) 90 0.4 2.12 63 (Zhang et al., 2008)
N/P dual-doped activated carbon fiber 3 15 V cell voltage 150 0.08 (air aeration) 0.41 - (Li et al., 2018)
F-doped hierarchically porous carbon 1 −0.5 V (vs. SCE) 180 O2 saturated 34.9 82–94 (Zhao et al., 2018b)
Introducing metal oxides
V2O5/Carbon 0.1 M NaOH −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 120 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 620 mg L−1 b - (Moraes et al., 2014)
MnO2/Carbon 0.1 M H2SO4 −1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 120 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 32.58 - (Aveiro et al., 2018)
WO2.72/Carbon 0.1 M H2SO4 −0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 120 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 27.94 41.9 (Paz et al., 2018)
CeO2/Carbon 0.1 M NaOH −2.3 V (vs. Hg/HgO) 120 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 871 mg L−1 c - (Assumpão et al., 2012)
Gas diffusion electrodes
Activated carbon/PTFE/Carbon paper based GDEs 3 204 300 0.14 1.94 - (Salari et al., 2009)
Carbon/PTFE based GDEs 3 300 60 1.2 (air aeration) 12.85 50 (Panizza and Cerisola, 2008)
Tert-butyl-anthraquinone modified carbon black based GDEs 0.1 M H2SO4 −1.0 V (vs. SCE) 90 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 7.08 - (Valim et al., 2013)
Graphene/PTFE/Carbon cloth based GDEs 3 400 180 0.2 9.43 35 (Garcia-Rodriguez et al., 2018)
Carbon black/PTFE/Carbon fiber based GDEs 7 357 180 0.1 (air aeration) 11.2 45–84 (Yu et al., 2015a)
Carbon black/PTFE/Carbon fiber based GDEs 7 357 180 0.5 (air aeration) 12.2 51–88 (Yu et al., 2015a)
Ta2O5/Carbon black based GDEs 2 −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 120 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 1.64 83.2 (Carneiro et al., 2016b)
N-doped grapheme@CNT based GDEs 3 −0.5 V (vs. SCE) 120 0.45 0.26 - (Liu et al., 2016)
CoS2 based GDEs 3 1000 60 0.5 51.0 82 (Ridruejo et al., 2018)
Graphene@Graphite based GDEs 3 200 60 0.06 2.0 - (Zhang et al., 2018)
PTFE/Graphite based GDEs 3 −0.55 V (vs. SCE) 30 0.4 4.5 70–78 (Zhou et al., 2007)
Mesoporous carbon based GDEs 3 1500 240 Air aeration (1 psi) 14.2 15–35 (Garza-Campos et al., 2018)
Carbon black/MWCNT/PTFE based GDEs 7 35 180 0.09 0.98 65.1 (Chen et al., 2017)
Activated carbon based GDEs 3 300 mA, 1 g AC 360 Air aeration 0.009 g (g[cat] h)−1 - (Bañuelos et al., 2014)
Carbon black/PTFE based GDEs 1 M KOH −1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 90 O2 pressure: 0.2 Bar 44.93 33–61 (Willyam R. P. Barros et al., 2015)
Carbon black/Graphite/PTFE/stainless wire based GDEs 7 Cell voltage: 4 V 120 0.05 (air aeration) 8.86 84 (Xu et al., 2017)
Others
Polypyrrole/anthraquinonedisulph onate film modified graphite 3 −0.65 V (vs. SCE) 120 0.33 1.00 64–73 (Zhang et al., 2008)
Plasma-treated graphite 3 600 150 Air aeration 0.032 - (Khataee et al., 2017)
Lignin/polypyrrole cathode 3 −0.5 V (vs. SCE) 360 0.25 1.67 96 (after 180 min operation) (Huang et al., 2018)
Graphene film/Conductive LCD matrix 3.5 −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 180 1 (air aeration) 0.23 59 (Divyapriya et al., 2018)
Quinone functionalized grapheme/Fe3O4 cathode 3 −1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 180 O2 saturated 0.30 - (Divyapriya et al., 2017)

Note: a-MWCNT means multi-wall carbon nanotubes, b and c-the area of electrodes and volume of electrolytes are not provided in the literature.