Table 1. Characteristics of Han and Manchu study participants residing in rural areas of northern China, from 2012 to 2013.
| Overall (n = 8888) | Han (n = 5797) | Manchu (n = 3091) | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year)b | 52.45 ± 13.98 | 53.11 ± 13.92 | 51.23 ± 14.02 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 23.81 ± 5.14 | 23.86 ± 5.34 | 23.71 ± 4.74 | 0.208 |
| PSQI scoreb | 4.33 ± 2.82 | 4.55 ± 2.85 | 3.92 ± 2.71 | <0.001 |
| Subjective sleep quality | 0.61 ± 0.007 | 0.66 ± 0.009 | 0.49 ± 0.011 | <0.001 |
| Sleep latency | 1.24 ± 0.006 | 1.26 ± 0.007 | 1.21 ± 0.009 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration | 0.29 ± 0.007 | 0.30 ± 0.008 | 0.28 ± 0.011 | 0.102 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency | 0.59 ± 0.009 | 0.62 ± 0.011 | 0.54 ± 0.015 | <0.001 |
| Sleep disturbance | 0.69 ± 0.006 | 0.72 ± 0.008 | 0.63 ± 0.010 | <0.001 |
| Use of sleep medication | 0.15 ± 0.005 | 0.17 ± 0.006 | 0.13 ± 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 0.75 ± 0.008 | 0.81 ± 0.010 | 0.64 ± 0.013 | <0.001 |
| Poor sleep qualityc | 2355 (26.50) | 1714 (29.57) | 641 (20.74) | <0.001 |
| CES-D scoreb | 8.68 ± 0.097 | 9.03 ± 0.121 | 8.03 ± 0.162 | <0.001 |
| CES-D score ≥16c | 2222 (25.00) | 1522 (26.25) | 700 (22.65) | <0.001 |
| Male sexb | 4527 (50.95) | 2959 (51.04) | 1568 (50.73) | 0.777 |
| Current smokerc | 2691 (30.27) | 1833 (31.62) | 858 (27.76) | <0.001 |
| Current EtOH drinkerc | 1571 (17.68) | 1055 (18.20) | 516 (16.69) | 0.076 |
| Habitual tea drinkerc | 2000 (22.50) | 1331 (22.96) | 669 (21.64) | 0.157 |
| Habitual physical activityc | 3487 (39.23) | 2180 (37.60) | 1307 (42.28) | <0.001 |
| Annual family incomec | 0.028 | |||
| <5 000 RMB | 2584 (29.07) | 1667 (28.76) | 917 (29.67) | |
| 5 000–10 000 RMB | 3619 (40.72) | 2317 (39.97) | 1302 (42.12) | |
| 10 000–30 000 RMB | 2160 (24.30) | 1441 (24.86) | 719 (23.26) | |
| 30 000–100 000 RMB | 176 (1.98) | 124 (2.14) | 52 (1.68) | |
| >100 000 RMB | 17 (0.19) | 13 (0.22) | 4 (0.13) | |
| No response | 332 (3.74) | 235 (4.05) | 97 (3.14) | |
| Educationc | <0.001 | |||
| < HS | 8305 (93.44) | 5457 (94.13) | 2848 (92.14) | |
| HS graduate | 510 (5.74) | 307 (5.30) | 203 (6.57) | |
| > HS | 73 (0.82) | 33 (0.57) | 40 (1.29) | |
| Marriedc | 8503 (95.67) | 5551 (95.76) | 2952 (95.50) | 0.576 |
| Occupational statuc | 0.765 | |||
| Unemployed | 1560 (17.55) | 1021 (17.61) | 539 (17.44) | |
| Employed | 530 (5.96) | 340 (5.86) | 190 (6.15) | |
| Farmer | 6559 (73.80) | 4272 (73.69) | 2287 (73.99) | |
| Retired | 137 (1.54) | 96 (1.66) | 41 (1.33) | |
| Others | 102 (1.15) | 68 (1.17) | 34 (1.10) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, The Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression; HS, high school; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; RMB, Chinese Yuan.
a Pearson Chi-Square statistical test for nominal variables and independent samples t-test for continuous variables to test differences between Hans and Manchus.
b Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.
c Data presented as n (%).