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. 2019 Dec 19;9:19470. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55902-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolic pathways for synthesis of fatty acids and their precursors. The mitochondrion is boxed. (a) Overall picture; (b), close-up of the citrate/malate cycle and the transhydrogenase cycle. G-1-P: Glucose-1-phosphate; G-6-P: Glucose-6-phosphate; F-1,6-BP: Frucose-1,6-diphosphate; GA-3-P: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; DHAP: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate; Gly-3-P: Glycerol-3-phosphate; 6-PGL: 6-phosphogluconolactone; 6-PG: 6-phosphogluconate; Ru-5-P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr: Pyruvate; AKG: α-ketoglutarate; Gln: Glutamine; Glu: Glutamate; GABA: γ-butyrate; SSA: Succinate semialdehyde; OAA: Oxaloacetate; Lyso-PA: Lyso-phosphatidic acid; PA: Phosphatidic acid; CDP-DAG: Cytidine-diphosphate diacylglycerol; PL: Phospholipid; DAG: Diacylglycerol; TAG: Triacylglycerol; Abbreviations for enzymes and genes: See Table 2.