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. 2019 Dec 19;9:19460. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55408-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biological variables of three Red Sea corals. (A) N₂ fixation rates measured indirectly using a COBRA assay, (B) Symbiodiniaceae cell densities, and (C) oxygen fluxes. Ah = Acropora hemprichii, Md = Millepora dichotoma, and Pg = Pleuractis granulosa. P_gross = gross photosynthesis, P_net = net photosynthesis, R_dark = dark respiration. Bars indicate the mean; error bars indicate upper confidence intervals (+1 SE); n = 4 per species. Different letters above error bars indicate statistically significant differences within each plot (pair-wise PERMANOVAs, p < 0.05); differences in (C) apply to both P_gross and P_net.