Table 1.

Characterization of TiO₂, SiO₂ and PS NPs at 25 mg/L in Milli-Q water and seawater (NSW, 0.45-μm filtered, salinity 35, pH 8.05) used for A. parkinsoniana exposure.

	MilliQ			NSW
	Z-average (nm)	PDI	ζ- potential (mV)	Z-average (nm)	PDI	ζ- potential (mV)
25 nm TiO2	187.20 ± 2.58	0.192 ± 0.024	–30.20 ± 2.30	1079 ± 107.70	0.311 ± 0.015	–10.2 ± 1.78
92 nm SiO2	109.50 ± 4.98	0.203 ± 0.020	–39.90 ± 1.23	618.9 ± 23.21	0.358 ± 0.055	–12.20 ± 2.86
42 nm PS	55.52 ± 0.82	0.161 ± 0.022	–53.30 ± 1.31	969.80 ± 108.50	0.274 ± 0.031	–10.90 ± 2.75

Z-average (nm), PDI (dimensionless) and ζ-potential (mV) are reported as mean ± SD of 3 independent measurements, performed at a constant temperature of 16 °C.