Table 2.

General Estimation Equations for Becoming Frail over 18-years of Follow-up as a Function of Pain among Non-Frail Older Mexican Americans at Baseline (n=1,545).

Predictor variables	OR (95% CI)	P-Value
Time (Years)	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	0.005
Pain	1.71 (1.41–2.09)	<0.0001
Age	1.05 (1.02–1.07)	<0.0001
Gender (Female)	0.78 (0.62–0.97)	0.028
Married	1.11 (0.89–1.38)	0.328
Education (years)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.027
BMI	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	0.084
MMSE	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.048
Arthritis	0.95 (0.78–1.17)	0.628
Hypertension	0.95 (0.78–1.16)	0.621
Stroke	0.83 (0.52–1.32)	0.429
Diabetes	1.15 (0.93–1.42)	0.209
Cancer	1.29 (0.90–1.84)	0.166
Heart attack	1.30 (0.90–1.87)	0.157
Hip Fracture	2.41 (1.29–4.49)	0.005
Depression	1.08 (1.06–1.09)	<0.0001
ADL Disability	2.59 (2.06–3.25)	<0.0001

Abbreviations: OR (Odds ratio), CI (Confidence Interval), BMI (Body Mass Index), MMSE (Mini Mental state Examination), ADL (Activities of Daily Living).