Table 1.

Clinical factors and laboratory test/biomarkers associated with worse OS/DSS in panNENs

Factors	Metastatic/Advanced		All stage
	OS	DSS	OS	DSS
Clinical factor
Age, high	[5, 11–18]/[100, 101]	[11, 13, 16]/[100]	[19–32]/[38, 59, 94]	[26, 28, 33]/[34]
Gender, male	[17]/		[20, 21, 23–26, 28, 35] /[117]	[26, 28, 35] /[34]
Unmarried	[37]	[37]	[21, 23, 28, 35]/[26]	[26, 28, 35]
Non-function(vs function)	[19]		[38]/[22–24, 26, 28, 39]	[33]/[26, 28]
Race	[18]		[26]/[20, 28]	[26]
Performance status, poor			[39, 103, 119]	[98]
Year of diagnosis/treatment	[5, 15]	[16]	[22, 51]/[4]	[51]
Symptomatic			[118, 318, 319]
Comorbidity score, high	[101]
Poverty/low income			[32]/[26]	[26]
Hospital type, non-academic	[12, 101]		[32]
Laboratory test/Biomarker
CgA, high	[18, 54]		[39, 55]/[38, 56–59]
No CgA reduction			[59]
NSE, high	[14]		[55]
5HIAA, high				[62]
Serotonin secretion			[55]
AFP, CA19–9, high	[36]
CEA, high	[36]		[38]
NETest, high	[75](OS)[(PFS)
Number of VEGF SNP			[139]
Change in circulating tumor cells	[80]
Presence of circulating tumor cells	[81]
NLR, high			[118]
Albumin, low	[36]
Bilirubin, high	[36]
AST, high	[36]
ALP , high	[320](PFS)/[36]
LDH, high			[321]

Results of multi-variate analysis are shown in red and bold, while results of uni-variate analysis are shown in black.

AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CA19–9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9; CEA, carcinoembryocnic antigen; CgA, chromogranin A; DSS, disease-specific survival; HIAA, hydroxyindoleacetic acid; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.