Table 4. Risk factors for long-term survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing isolated mitral valve repair.
| Variable | n | Univariate analysis |
Multivariable Cox regression |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Mean age | 557 | 0.569 | – | – | – |
| Female gender | 237 | 0.271 | – | – | – |
| BMI | 557 | 0.785 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes mellitus | 110 | 0.002 | 2.18 | 1.52–3.11 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 357 | 0.819 | – | – | – |
| COPD | 29 | 0.347 | – | – | – |
| PAD | 29 | 0.881 | – | – | – |
| PHT | 108 | <0.001 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.02 | 0.301 |
| CAD | |||||
| None | 465 | Reference | – | – | – |
| 1-Vessel | 56 | 0.650 | – | – | – |
| 2-Vessels | 22 | 0.665 | – | – | – |
| 3-Vessels | 14 | 0.762 | – | – | – |
| AFIB | 283 | 0.265 | – | – | – |
| NYHA functional lass | |||||
| I/II | 251 | Reference | – | – | – |
| III | 231 | 0.005 | 1.44 | 1.02–2.03 | 0.038 |
| IV | 75 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.03–2.40 | 0.038 |
| MR grade | |||||
| Moderate-to-severe | 23 | Reference | – | – | – |
| Severe | 534 | 0.530 | – | – | – |
| LVEF | |||||
| LVEF 40%–49% | 294 | Reference | – | – | – |
| LVEF 30%–39% | 145 | 0.047 | 0.97 | 0.68–1.39 | 0.868 |
| LVEF < 30% | 118 | 0.051 | 1.22 | 0.83–1.78 | 0.306 |
| Cardiomyopathy | |||||
| Ischemic | 68 | Reference | – | – | – |
| Non-ischemic dilated | 489 | 0.574 | – | – | – |
| Logistic EuroSCORE | 557 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.05–1.10 | <0.001 |
| Right-lateral mini-thoracotomy | 372 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.42–0.86 | 0.006 |
| Additional cryoablation | 166 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 0.54–1.09 | 0.143 |
| Additional ASD closure | 37 | 0.050 | – | – | – |
| CPB time | 557 | 0.054 | – | – | – |
| Aortic cross-clamp time | 557 | 0.053 | – | – | – |
| Low cardiac output | 24 | 0.007 | 2.15 | 1.24–3.73 | 0.006 |
| IABP | 17 | 0.054 | – | – | – |
| ECMO | 2 | 0.063 | – | – | – |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 | 0.578 | – | – | – |
| New onset of AFIB | 226 | 0.690 | – | – | – |
| Reoperation due to bleeding | 33 | 0.145 | – | – | – |
| Major stroke | 16 | 0.099 | – | – | – |
| Sepsis | 8 | 0.430 | – | – | – |
| AKI on dialysis | 20 | <0.001 | 2.70 | 1.31–5.58 | 0.007 |
| Transfusion of RBC | 198 | 0.057 | – | – | – |
| Respiratory failure | 54 | 0.032 | 1.74 | 1.02–2.98 | 0.043 |
AFIB: atrial fibrillation; AKI: acute kidney injury; ASD: atrial septal defect; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pulsation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MR: mitral regurgitation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; PHT: pulmonary hypertension; RBC: red blood cells