Chemical structure compared with the reference molecule |
Complex molecules, post-translational modifications, slight differences in structure, same primary amino acid sequence |
Simple molecules, well-defined structure, same amino acid sequence. |
Immunogenicity |
Can be immunogenic |
No immunogenic potential |
Interchangeability |
Additional switching studies required to fulfill interchangeability requirements |
Switchability between generic and reference product is ensured. Interchangeability among generics is not covered. |
Manufacturing process |
Complex biotechnological process |
No need for complex modifications, easy manufacturing. |
Time for marketing approval |
7–8 years |
2–3 years |
Preclinical studies |
Required |
Not required, only bioequivalence studies. |
Storage |
Very sensitive, need special conditions |
Easy to store, stable. |