Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total study population (n = 137) and according to the randomized groups
| All (137) | Exercise (52) | Control (62) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64 (58, 69) | 65 (58, 70) | 64 (60, 68) |
| Sex (m/f) | 115/22 | 45/7 | 51/11 |
| Previous AMI, n (%) | 62 (45) | 20 (39) | 31 (49) |
| Advanced vascular disease, n (%)a | 79 (57) | 28 (54) | 41 (66) |
| CHF, n (%) | 11 (8) | 2 (4) | 5 (8) |
| PAD, n (%) | 13 (9, 5) | 3 (6) | 6 (10) |
| Years with DM | 9.0 (5, 15) | 11.0 (5.0, 15.0) | 9.0 (5.5, 13.5) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 100 (73) | 39 (75) | 48 (76) |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 23 (16.8) | 9 (17) | 9 (14) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 (127, 150) | 136 (129, 150) | 140 (126, 150) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79 (71, 86) | 76 (71, 82) | 81 (71, 87) |
| Weight (kg) | 86.5 (77.1, 97.0) | 87.0 (78.5, 99.0) | 85.0 (77.5, 96.0) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 (6.8, 8.3) | 7.4 (6.8, 8.4) | 7.4 (6.8, 8.0) |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 57 (33, 101) | 54 (31, 95) | 63 (32, 104) |
| C-peptide (pmol/L) | 965 (713, 1290) | 956 (637, 1165) | 1042 (743, 1453) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9 (3.4, 4.6) | 3.8 (3.4, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.3, 4.8) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.91) | 1.44 (1.09, 1.86) | 1.36 (0.99, 1.88) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.5) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 (25.7, 31.6) | 29.4 (25.5, 31.8) | 28.1 (25.6, 31.6) |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| ACE-inhibitors | 43 (31.6) | 14 (27) | 21 (34) |
| A2-blockers | 55 (40.1) | 20 (38) | 25 (40) |
| Statins | 128 (93.4) | 49 (94) | 59 (95) |
| Metformin | 101 (73.7) | 40 (77) | 46 (74) |
| Sulfonylureas | 48 (35.0) | 23 (44) | 18 (29) |
| Gliptin | 17 (12.4) | 6 (12) | 11 (18) |
| Insulin | 26 (19.1) | 12 (17.4) | 14 (20.9) |
| Anti-platelet drugs | 129 (94) | 47 (90) | 61 (98)* |
Values are given as number (proportions), or median (25, 75 percentile)
AMI acute myocardial infarction, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, LDL low-density lipoprotein, CHF congestive heart failure, PAD peripheral artery disease, HOMA2-IR homeostatic model assessment indexes-insulin resistance, BMI body mass index, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, A2 angiotensin II
p-values refer to differences between the exercise and control group
* p = 0.054
aAdvanced vascular disease is defined as those with previous MI and/or diabetic microvascular complications in addition to CAD