TABLE 3.
Baseline characteristics among women with GDM and their matched controls: nested case-control study within a prospective cohort1
| Characteristics | GDM (n = 276) | Non-GDM (n = 552) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 29.51 ± 3.25 | 29.33 ± 3.11 | 0.463 |
| Parity, n (%) | 1.000 | ||
| 1 | 228 (82.61) | 456 (82.61) | |
| 2 | 47 (17.03) | 94 (17.03) | |
| ≥3 | 1 (0.36) | 2 (0.36) | |
| Gestational age at blood sample collection, wk | 16.50 (16.10–17.30) | 16.50 (16.10–17.20) | 0.572 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.85 ± 3.15 | 20.84 ± 2.51 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 28 (10.14) | 44 (7.97) | 0.217 |
| Alcohol consumers, n (%) | 6 (2.17) | 3 (0.54) | 0.030 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 5 (1.81) | 16 (2.90) | 0.525 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 4.58 (4.16–5.22) | 4.40 (4.02–4.83) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma insulin, μU/mL | 6.47 (4.13–11.49) | 4.86 (3.38–7.49) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.28 (0.84–2.48) | 0.93 (0.63–1.46) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.85 (4.24–5.45) | 4.80 (4.31–5.36) | 0.490 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.76 (1.35–2.38) | 1.58 (1.29–2.02) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.72 (2.16–3.40) | 2.62 (2.14–3.20) | 0.113 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.55 (1.26–1.79) | 1.52 (1.26–1.83) | 0.992 |
| TMAO, μg/L | 67.00 (45.00–103.25) | 59.20 (40.85–86.33) | 0.002 |
1Values are n (%) for categorical data, means ± SDs for normally distributed data, or medians (IQRs) for nonnormally distributed data. Differences in characteristics between cases and controls were assessed by chi-square test for categorical variables and Student's t test (normal distribution) or Mann-Whitney U test (nonnormal distribution) for continuous variables. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.