TABLE 4.
Risk of GDM according to quartiles of plasma TMAO concentration measured before 20 wk of gestation: nested case-control study within a prospective cohort1
| Quartile of plasma TMAO concentration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (≤40.85 μg/L) | 2 (>40.85–59.20 μg/L) | 3 (>59.20–86.32 μg/L) | 4 (>86.32 μg/L) | P-trend2 | Per SD increment of ln(TMAO) | |
| GDM cases/controls, n/n | 48/138 | 65/137 | 70/139 | 93/138 | ||
| Crude model | 1 | 1.41 (0.90, 2.20) | 1.52 (0.96, 2.40) | 2.05 (1.32, 3.17) | 0.002 | 1.27 (1.10, 1.47) |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.39 (0.88, 2.22) | 1.56 (0.96, 2.51) | 2.14 (1.36, 3.39) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.11, 1.50) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.42 (0.88, 2.29) | 1.56 (0.95, 2.55) | 2.06 (1.28, 3.31) | 0.004 | 1.26 (1.08, 1.47) |
1Values are ORs (95% CIs). Model 1 was a conditional logistic regression model that adjusted for age (years) and prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2). Model 2 was a conditional logistic regression model that adjusted as for model 1 plus gestational age at blood sample collection (weeks), parity (1, 2, or ≥3), family history of diabetes (yes or no), drinking habits (yes or no), and smoking (yes or no). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.
2Tests for linear trend were conducted by using the median value for each quartile and treating it as a continuous variable in the conditional logistic regression.