Table 2.
Percentage of DRI Met From Food Alone or With S‐ONS by Time and Treatment
| Percentage of DRI Met, Median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile) | Effect, P‐Valuea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrients | Day | PL (Food) | S‐ONS (Food) | S‐ONS (Food + S‐ONS) | PL vs S‐ONS (Food) | PL vs S‐ONS (Food + ONS) |
| Calcium | 30 | 34.3 (24.6, 63.7) | 44.3 (29.8, 63.4) | 109.0 (90.2, 139.0) | .6157 | S‐ONS > PL: P < .0001 |
| 60 | 39.3 (35.4, 52.4) | 50.0 (37.0, 85.0) | 125.9 (119.7, 144.3) | .2778 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0003 | |
| 90 | 47.8 (22.3, 57.2) | 49.9 (47.9, 98.0) | 130.4 (110.5, 144.0) | .1286 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0004 | |
| Iron | 30 | 130.6 (96.5, 189.0) | 129.5 (89.1, 172.2) | 216.82 (165.0, 266.1) | .6157 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0107 |
| 60 | 128.1 (110.3, 224.2) | 145.8 (125.6, 201.2) | 242.0 (202.7, 298.1) | .2778 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0101 | |
| 90 | 128.6 (73.4, 210.8) | 194.8 (182.3, 223.4) | 290.4 (269.1, 335.9) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0334 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0006 | |
| Magnesium | 30 | 48.0 (41.9, 53.7) | 47.5 (31.4, 63.7) | 88.3 (80.0, 111.4) | .9131 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0001 |
| 60 | 48.8 (41.1, 61.3) | 73.2 (43.7, 75.2) | 121.1 (96.5, 126.0) | .0586 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0003 | |
| 90 | 40.4 (34.1, 65.5) | 64.0 (58.3, 75.8) | 111.4 (90.6, 124.3) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0402 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0002 | |
| Phosphorus | 30 | 121.5 (77.7, 164.4) | 109.8 (100.8, 157.3) | 192.9 (163.7, 242.3) | .9131 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0024 |
| 60 | 129.4 (88.3, 164.1) | 142.2 (110.6, 190.3) | 241.4 (195.6, 285.0) | .2036 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0014 | |
| 90 | 80.6 (51.3, 152.0) | 146.6 (129.2, 185.9) | 231.6 (204.4, 284.4) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0276 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0006 | |
| Potassium | 30 | 42.5 (28.6, 51.6) | 36.7 (29.3, 49.1) | 56.2 (45.8, 74.4) | .7107 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0154 |
| 60 | 35.4 (31.4, 58.0) | 41.8 (33.5, 47.3) | 63.2 (47.1, 72.2) | .9259 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0277 | |
| 90 | 33.1 (25.0, 54.3) | 40.13 (39.0, 55.8) | 60.5 (55.0, 65.2) | .3233 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0018 | |
| Sodium | 30 | 89.0 (64.3, 135.2) | 92.6 (77.2, 127.5) | 105.3 (89.7, 144.8) | 1 | .2475 |
| 60 | 91.4 (81.4, 164.6) | 103.6 (64.4, 128.5) | 111.3 (85.3, 146.8) | .5558 | .7802 | |
| 90 | 90.3 (45.1, 140.8) | 97.4 (47.9, 140.5) | 118.2 (67.2, 147.0) | .8792 | .4474 | |
| Zinc | 30 | 99.8 (67.1, 119.5) | 71.1 (56.1, 111.4) | 339.3 (240.2, 421.4) | .2301 | S‐ONS > PL: P < .0001 |
| 60 | 93.1 (73.2, 111.3) | 91.0 (55.4, 116.6) | 387.7 (359.6, 461.1) | .9259 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0006 | |
| 90 | 61.9 (49.7, 79.0) | 111.7 (96.9, 133.7) | 431.2 (369.7, 473.3) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0062 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0002 | |
| Copper | 30 | 96.1 (65.9, 138.0) | 89.7 (60.2, 107.9) | 194.5 (151.0, 246.7) | .5854 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0006 |
| 60 | 101.4 (73.7, 144.0) | 110.6 (84.6, 124.7) | 228.1 (170.4, 263.6) | .6869 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0006 | |
| 90 | 87.8 (51.0, 112.9) | 113.8 (102.9, 161.8) | 250.4 (199.4, 300.7) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0482 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0003 | |
| Manganese | 30 | 107.9 (71.8, 127.5) | 126.5 (59.3, 163.0) | 164.1 (111.5, 215.1) | .4715 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0154 |
| 60 | 130.2 (73.0, 162.4) | 150.3 (71.5, 181.5) | 207.7 (134.8, 239.8) | .5981 | .0586 | |
| 90 | 74.2 (61.0, 132.3) | 153.1 (129.6, 182.0) | 195.7 (163.1, 234.1) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0276 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0039 | |
| Selenium | 30 | 149.0 (96.6, 230.9) | 160.2 (112.3, 183.1) | 243.3 (172.4, 262.0) | .9131 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0094 |
| 60 | 159.0 (97.7, 187.2) | 150.1 (131.8, 185.0) | 237.5 (206.1, 276.3) | .7802 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0143 | |
| 90 | 111.0 (76.3, 170.9) | 194.8 (146.0, 222.8) | 279.8 (243.9, 321.1) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0098 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0008 | |
| Vitamin A | 30 | 59.6 (47.7, 136.1) | 74.6 (33.7, 95.1) | 124.4 (95.3, 173.1) | .3261 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0307 |
| 60 | 67.2 (33.3, 78.5) | 80.0 (43.4, 106.6) | 154.8 (115.0, 163.9) | .3062 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0026 | |
| 90 | 65.2 (46.8, 84.2) | 119.2 (94.9, 138.1) | 167.8 (154.8, 223.1) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0098 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0004 | |
| Vitamin E | 30 | 36.2 (19.1, 54.3) | 28.9 (22.3, 48.4) | 578.1 (382.3, 635.9) | .7434 | S‐ONS > PL: P < .0001 |
| 60 | 37.0 (20.1, 73.6) | 48.0 (39.5, 60.5) | 635.8 (446.0, 646.7) | .2512 | S‐ONS > PL: P < .0001 | |
| 90 | 39.3 (24.9, 53.1) | 54.8 (36.5, 79.4) | 625.7 (564.8, 660.0) | .1106 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0002 | |
| Vitamin D | 30 | 20.2 (13.4, 34.0) | 18.9 (11.5, 42.4) | 69.1 (46.7, 93.7) | .7434 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0002 |
| 60 | 19.9 (12.1, 26.3) | 28.9 (12.9, 45.3) | 76.5 (60.4, 94.7) | .3364 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0017 | |
| 90 | 14.3 (4.7, 27.6) | 27.6 (18.4, 54.0) | 72.1 (69.7, 83.9) | .0946 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0004 | |
| Vitamin Cb | 30 | 55.2 (34.1, 87.9) | 75.2 (27.8, 142.1) | 211.0 (150.3, 246.3) | .6157 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0010 |
| 60 | 51.8 (26.9, 81.6) | 67.7 (24.9, 163.0) | 186.5 (174.1, 242.3) | .5558 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0017 | |
| 90 | 39.3 (23.7, 71.0) | 85.4 (42.2, 111.6) | 208.3 (165.5, 257.9) | .1965 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0033 | |
| Thiamin | 30 | 92.3 (65.9, 146.2) | 94.7 (78.9, 125.1) | 156.9 (132.5, 178.7) | .7107 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0032 |
| 60 | 112.1 (79.4, 129.6) | 117.4 (92.6, 139.4) | 175.8 (124.9, 196.6) | .5558 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0026 | |
| 90 | 111.5 (55.3, 134.9) | 134.1 (103.6, 145.4) | 171.5 (160.2, 208.7) | .1489 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0011 | |
| Riboflavin | 30 | 130.3 (91.8, 222.9) | 121.3 (84.5, 172.3) | 170.8 (155.0, 234.6) | .5557 | .0847 |
| 60 | 149.6 (116.6, 167.4) | 135.7 (105.2, 196.2) | 206.1 (169.3, 264.6) | .9259 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0279 | |
| 90 | 139.7 (96.3, 157.6) | 183.8 (158.2, 245.4) | 249.9 (202.4, 290.6) | .0575 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0018 | |
| Niacin | 30 | 103.6 (70.2, 144.0) | 102.1 (76.5, 142.9) | 154.3 (132.0, 205.2) | .8443 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0275 |
| 60 | 95.7 (76.5, 142.5) | 131.2 (113.4, 140.6) | 179.1 (171.2, 188.9) | .2036 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0017 | |
| 90 | 114.5 (47.1, 123.2) | 116.1 (103.5, 131.0) | 174.4 (137.2, 201.2) | .2545 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0008 | |
| Vitamin B6 | 30 | 96.8 (63.1, 127.1) | 72.8 (47.4, 98.5) | 119.9 (99.2, 146.3) | .2849 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0343 |
| 60 | 97.3 (47.9, 107.7) | 82.8 (69.9, 116.1) | 143.3 (114.8, 161.6) | .5981 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0039 | |
| 90 | 87 (34.9, 108.4) | 107.4 (81.0, 122.2) | 146.5 (127.0, 183.8) | .2875 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0024 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 30 | 117.6 (86.1, 255.0) | 102.9 (86.9, 169.6) | 328.2 (269.7, 416.3) | .4987 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0011 |
| 60 | 147.0 (105.3, 218.5) | 143.1 (110.2, 199.3) | 369.4 (307.8, 400.7) | .6869 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0032 | |
| 90 | 101.3 (55.5, 221.4) | 224.2 (135.6, 273.5) | 450.6 (348.1, 523.5) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0402 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0004 | |
| Choline | 30 | 53.2 (40.5, 92.6) | 44.4 (36.0, 60.0) | 71.6 (60.8, 90.8) | .2301 | .1831 |
| 60 | 41.0 (34.1, 77.2) | 44.6 (36.0, 71.1) | 77.0 (66.2, 110.2) | .5981 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0438 | |
| 90 | 42.1 (29.9, 51.4) | 69.5 (53.4, 78.6) | 101.8 (83.6, 108.7) | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0334 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0008 | |
| Vitamin K | 30 | 49.9 (34.5, 102.1) | 41.2 (19.4, 61.7) | 69.4 (48.6, 106.2) | .1692 | .2301 |
| 60 | 62.3 (30.5, 77.5) | 61.8 (51.3, 86.5) | 97.9 (87.6, 122.2) | .4025 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0236 | |
| 90 | 63.5 (47.3, 182.9) | 71.4 (45.9, 103.4) | 104.7 (84.8, 122.2) | .9394 | .1965 | |
| Folate | 30 | 86.2 (62.1, 122.3) | 104.0 (74.7, 113.7) | 228.2 (198.3, 280.3) | .5557 | S‐ONS > PL: P < .0001 |
| 60 | 105.8 (74.5, 141.0) | 113.2 (77.5, 118.6) | 242.4 (208.6, 287.0) | .8768 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0002 | |
| 90 | 81.9 (64.7, 124.8) | 126.7 (109.0, 187.9) | 277.5 (225.9, 355.1) | .0682 | S‐ONS > PL: P = .0004 | |
DRI, Dietary Reference Intake; ONS, oral nutrition supplement; PL, placebo; S‐ONS, specialized oral nutrition supplement.
a
Significance was set at P < .05.
b
Placebo supplement contained 10 mg of vitamin C each, included in food + ONS.