Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of health outcomes, modelled particulate metal concentrations, deprivation score and ethnicity covariates for the 1533 wards in the study area in 2008–2011, subdivided by PM_2.5 copper <10th, 10th–90th and >90th quantile

	Cu* PM2.5
	10th centile (n=153)				10th–90th centile (n=1225)				>90th centile (n=154)
	10th centile	Mean	Median	90th centile	10th centile	Mean	Median	90th centile	10th centile	Mean	Median	90th centile
Health outcomes	Standard mortality/incidence ratio (ratio across whole study area=1.00)
Cardiovascular mortality	0.57	0.83	0.86	1.13	0.72	0.99	1.01	1.33	0.63	0.96	1.00	1.35
Respiratory mortality	0.46	0.81	0.81	1.20	0.61	0.98	1.02	1.46	0.50	0.94	0.94	1.36
Lung cancer incidence	0.40	0.81	0.86	1.33	0.53	0.95	0.99	1.53	0.64	1.14	1.16	1.73
Area-level confounders
Modified IMD	3.26	4.85	5.15	7.41	3.35	6.29	6.83	11.30	7.91	11.22	10.99	13.24
% of Asian	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.07	0.12	0.26	0.07	0.11	0.15	0.31
% of White	0.95	0.97	0.97	0.99	0.46	0.86	0.78	0.95	0.43	0.62	0.60	0.77
Tobacco expenditure (pounds/week/inhabitant)	3.19	3.88	3.96	4.86	3.41	4.46	4.57	5.96	4.45	5.65	5.53	6.55

*Cu PM_2.5 metals in ng/m³; LOOCV R²=0.79.

†LOOCV.

‡LUR.

IMD, index of multiple deprivation; LOOCV, leave-one-out cross-validation; LUR, land use regression; PM, particulate matter.