Table 2.
Adjusted analyses of acculturation measures with cardiac structure and function*
| LVMI (g/m2) | RWT | LAVI (mL/m2) | LVEF (%) | E’ (cm/s) | E/e’ | |
| β (p) | β (p) | β (p) | β (p) | β (p) | β (p) | |
| Nativity | ||||||
| Age, sex | −0.349 (0.12) | 0.571 (0.02) | ||||
| Model 1 | — | — | — | — | −0.320 (0.10) | 0.524 (0.02) |
| Model 2 | −0.324 (0.14) | 0.532 (0.02) | ||||
| Model 3 | −0.303 (0.12) | 0.503 (0.02) | ||||
| Foreign born | ||||||
| (Years in the USA) | ||||||
| Age, sex | — | 0.020 (0.06); all (0.03) | 1.57 (0.02); all (<0.05) | — | — | — |
| Model 1 | 0.022 (0.02); all (0.02) | 1.63 (0.02); all (<0.05) | ||||
| Model 2 | 0.018 (0.06); all (0.02) | 1.55 (0.02); all (0.05) | ||||
| Model 3 | 0.021 (0.02); all (0.007) | 1.71 (0.01); all (0.04) | ||||
| Generation | ||||||
| Age, sex | −0.468 (0.21) | −0.529 (0.01) | 0.710 (0.002) | |||
| Model 1 | — | — | −1.797 (0.004) | — | −0.447 (0.01) | 0.594 (0.003) |
| Model 2 | −1.444 (0.03) | −0.499 (0.01) | 0.671 (0.003) | |||
| Model 3 | −1.584 (0.01) | −0.425 (0.02) | 0.575 (0.006) | |||
| SASH language | ||||||
| Age, sex | 0.580 (0.01) | 0.125 (0.10) | ||||
| Model 1 | — | — | 0.610 (0.008) | — | 0.097 (0.11) | — |
| Model 2 | 0.546 (0.01) | 0.123 (0.15) | ||||
| Model 3 | 0.590 (0.007) | 0.095 (0.16) | ||||
| Age at immigration | ||||||
| Age, sex | 0.0005 (0.15) | −0.040 (0.008) | −0.005 (0.27) | |||
| Model 1 | — | 0.0005 (0.13) | −0.040 (0.008) | — | −0.006 (0.14) | — |
| Model 2 | 0.0004 (0.15) | −0.038 (<0.001) | −0.005 (0.37) | |||
| Model 3 | 0.0004 (0.13) | −0.038 (0.01) | −0.005 (0.22) |
For years in the USA, the first p value reflects <5 years versus >20 years comparison, whereas the second p value is for overall comparison across all the years in the US categories (<5; 5–10; 11–20; >20). Model 1: age, sex, diabetes, hypertension and obesity; model 2: age, sex, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use; model 3: model 1+model 2.
*Only acculturation measures that were significant in unadjusted analyses were analysed in multivariable adjusted models.
e’, mitral annular early diastolic velocity; E/e’, ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction;LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; SASH, Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics.