Table 1. Projected effect of pediatric LAIV on antibiotic prescription rates, England and Wales*.
| Age group | Influenza-attributed consultation rate† | Prescriptions per consultation | Direct prescribing rate reduction, unmatched‡ | Direct prescribing rate reduction, matched‡ | Overall LAIV effectiveness§ | Overall prescribing rate reduction¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–6 mo | 29.7 (23.7–35.9) | 0.597 (0.474–0.719) | – | – | 0.574 (0.501–0.651) | 10.2 (7.03–13.5) |
| 6 m–4 y | 29.7 (23.7–35.9) | 0.597 (0.474–0.719) | 7.46 (5.31–9.64) | 12.4 (8.85–16.1) | 0.663 (0.618–0.714) | 11.8 (8.31–15.4) |
| 5–14 y | 22.1 (17.6–26.7) | 0.588 (0.466–0.708) | 5.46 (3.89–7.06) | 9.11 (6.48–11.8) | 0.754 (0.709–0.794) | 9.81 (6.97–12.8) |
| 15–44 y | 12.8 (10.2–15.4) | 0.676 (0.536–0.814) | 3.64 (2.59–4.70) | 6.06 (4.31–7.83) | 0.446 (0.394–0.502) | 3.86 (2.66–5.09) |
| 45–64 y | 12.4 (9.84–14.9) | 0.805 (0.639–0.970) | – | – | 0.423 (0.374–0.484) | 4.22 (2.90–5.58) |
|
>65 y |
12.2 (9.67–14.7) |
0.857 (0.680–1.03) |
– |
– |
0.477 (0.397–0.561) |
4.97 (3.34–6.68) |
| Overall | 14.7 (11.7–17.7) | 0.726 (0.576–0.875) | 5.80 (4.13–7.49) | 9.86 (7.01–12.9) | 0.494 (0.446–0.549) | 5.32 (3.74–7.00) |
*All estimates reported as mean (95% highest density interval). LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine; –, age group not subject to pediatric LAIV. †Per 1,000 person-years in England and Wales. ‡Reduction in antibiotic prescriptions among vaccinees per 1,000 vaccine recipients, not accounting for herd immunity, presented separately for unmatched and matched seasons. §Reduction in influenza cases assuming a 50% uptake among children 2–16 years of age, accounting for herd immunity. ¶Per 1,000 person-years in England and Wales, accounting for herd immunity.