| Heard of CCHF |
420 |
95.6 (93.8–99.9) |
|
371 |
2.0 (61.7–79.3) |
<0.001 |
| Source* |
n = 420 |
|
n = 371 |
|
| Village, community meetings |
262 |
62.1 (28.0–87.3) |
|
110 |
46.9 (16.2–80.1) |
|
| School |
77 |
18.9 (8.8–35.9) |
|
25 |
4.1 (1.5–11.1) |
|
| Television |
196 |
60.5 (42.7–75.9) |
|
333 |
87.4 (77.9–93.2) |
|
| Radio |
34 |
8.1 (3.7–16.7) |
|
10 |
2.1 (0.7–6.1) |
|
| Newspaper, magazine |
153 |
43.6 (28.7–59.6) |
|
117 |
32.7 (25.1–41.3) |
|
| Pamphlets |
240 |
72.5 (51.2–86.9) |
|
248 |
79.5 (61.7–90.3) |
|
| Posters |
225 |
69.6 (43.8–87.0) |
|
185 |
66.1 (45.9–81.8) |
|
| Education campaign |
18 |
4.0 (1.3–11.4) |
|
0 |
0 |
|
| Training course |
3 |
90.6 (0.1–3.4) |
|
7 |
2.8 (0.9–8.6) |
|
| Healthcare worker |
329 |
89.0 (78.8–94.6) |
|
175 |
62.0 (31.2–85.5) |
|
| Know someone with CCHF |
12 |
3.2 (1.2–8.5) |
|
30 |
4.7 (3.1–7.0) |
|
Other, friend, family member
|
8
|
2.2 (0.7–6.9)
|
|
1
|
1.0 (0.2–5.5)
|
|
| Transmission |
|
|
| Tick bite |
415 |
99.6 (98.5–99.9) |
|
367 |
99.4 (97.8–99.9) |
|
| Mosquito bite |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
| Flea bite |
5 |
0.05 (0–0.4) |
|
3 |
0.4 (0.1–2.7) |
|
| Crushing tick with bare hands |
218 |
53.8 (21.4–83.3) |
|
96 |
31.3 (15.5–53.0) |
|
| Contact with blood from an infected animal |
50 |
9.10 (3.5–21.7) |
|
91 |
21.0 (7.1–48.1) |
|
| Contact with birthing tissue of infected animal |
16 |
2.0 (0.6–6.4) |
|
66 |
16.1 (5.1–40.7) |
|
| Eating or touching raw meat of infected animal |
12 |
1.3 (0.4–4.5) |
|
49 |
12.4 (4.1–32.0) |
|
| Contact with blood from infected human |
186 |
41.6 (28.2–56.3) |
|
183 |
45.0 (30.2–60.9) |
|
| Contact with persons sick with CCHF |
135 |
37.8 (19.3–60.6) |
|
204 |
67.9 (47.3–83.3) |
|
| Unpasteurized milk |
7 |
0.3 (0.1–1.7) |
|
10 |
1.9 (0.5–7.3) |
|
Correctly identified >1 transmission route
|
413
|
99.6 (98.5–99.9)
|
|
367
|
99.6 (97.8–99.9)
|
0.90
|
| High-risk activities |
|
|
| Working with livestock |
386 |
94.7 (86.6–98.0) |
|
168 |
52.8 (30.4–74.1) |
|
| Gardening or fieldwork |
144 |
50.1 (27.5–72.7) |
|
89 |
30.4 (17.0–48.2) |
|
| Being in a woody area |
115 |
30.6 (13.0–56.5) |
|
152 |
55.1 (33.6–74.9) |
|
| Crushing ticks with bare hands |
261 |
62.2 (30.8–85.8) |
|
132 |
39.3 (26.4–53.9) |
|
| Shearing animals |
231 |
53.7 (29.0–76.7) |
|
102 |
37.2 (18.4–60.7) |
|
| Butchering meat |
79 |
16.7 (7.4–33.6) |
|
50 |
14.7 (5.0–35.9) |
|
| Working in healthcare |
67 |
14.3 (5.6–31.8) |
|
51 |
6.4 (4.1–9.7) |
|
| Slaughtering animals |
35 |
7.5 (3.8–14.3) |
|
17 |
4.1 (1.6–10.2) |
|
| Being a veterinarian |
120 |
28.5 (12.7–52.1) |
|
76 |
29.1 (11.2–57.2) |
|
| Contact with sick humans |
222 |
55.2 (33.8–74.8) |
|
266 |
77.8 (66.6–86.1) |
|
| Don’t know |
9 |
0.8 (0.2–3.0) |
|
2 |
0.04 (0–0.3) |
|
Correctly identified at >1 high-risk activity
|
378
|
95.8 (89.8–98.3)
|
|
248
|
75.9 (49.1–91.1)
|
0.001
|
| Signs and symptoms in humans |
|
|
| Fever |
398 |
96.8 (92.7–98.6) |
|
312 |
93.0 (79.4–97.8) |
|
| Headache |
302 |
74.5 (44.0–91.6) |
|
297 |
88.7 (71.0–96.2) |
|
| Nausea, vomiting |
183 |
55.8 (36.8–73.2) |
|
86 |
25.0 (13.8–41.1) |
|
| Diarrhea |
75 |
22.4 (12.4–37.2) |
|
59 |
20.3 (11.6–33.3) |
|
| Muscle pain |
190 |
48.0 (26.1–70.6) |
|
81 |
19.3 (8.5–38.1) |
|
| Joint pain |
222 |
59.8 (46.3–72.1) |
|
158 |
47.6 (32.7–62.9) |
|
| Fatigue |
224 |
66.3 (52.8–77.6) |
|
240 |
66.0 (51.5–77.9) |
|
| Cough, respiratory involvement |
53 |
12.9 (5.1–29.0) |
|
26 |
5.6 (1.3–21.6) |
|
| Congestion |
110 |
27.2 (14.6–44.8) |
|
15 |
4.5 (1.4–13.4) |
|
| Bruising |
115 |
27.7 (15.2–45.1) |
|
59 |
10.1 (4.4–21.4) |
|
| Bleeding, hemorrhage |
251 |
57.2 (42.6–70.7) |
|
129 |
26.4 (15.3–41.7) |
|
| Red eyes |
55 |
14.1 (7.5–24.9) |
|
6 |
0.6 (0.2–2.3) |
|
| Coma |
21 |
4.6 (2.1–10.0) |
|
3 |
0.3 (0.1–1.7) |
|
| Death |
73 |
17.0 (6.8–36.4) |
|
13 |
1.2 (0.3–4.7) |
|
| Don’t know |
19 |
1.5 (0.5–4.6) |
|
10 |
0.7 (0.1–3.9) |
|
Correctly identified >1 symptom in humans
|
395
|
98.0 (94.6–99.3)
|
|
346
|
97.0 (90.6–99.1)
|
0.57
|
| Signs and symptoms in animals |
|
|
| None (correct response) |
69 |
20.0 (3.4–64.0) |
|
35 |
16.0 (2.0–64.3) |
0.84 |
| Fever |
149 |
36.5 (10.5–73.9) |
|
203 |
44.0 (14.9–78.0) |
|
| Aggression, agitation |
64 |
13.3 (4.7–32.6) |
|
130 |
31.1 (10.3–63.8) |
|
| Vomiting |
84 |
27.2 (7.1–64.6) |
|
30 |
7.0 (1.3–30.9) |
|
| Lethargy |
87 |
23.0 (6.6–56.0) |
|
151 |
28.5 (10.2–58.3) |
|
| Abortion, stillbirth |
77 |
20.5 (6.1–50.4) |
|
46 |
9.8 (2.7–29.9) |
|
| Reduced appetite |
75 |
22.1 (6.3–54.4) |
|
145 |
33.0 (11.8–64.3) |
|
| Hair loss |
60 |
16.3 (4.6–44.0) |
|
34 |
7.2 (1.5–28.5) |
|
| Weight loss |
55 |
15.3 (4.2–42.3) |
|
38 |
6.6 (1.3–26.6) |
|
| Reduced milk production |
54 |
15.7 (4.8–41.0) |
|
26 |
5.0 (1.3–17.5) |
|
| Respiratory problems |
29 |
7.7 (2.4–21.8) |
|
18 |
2.2 (0.5–9.4) |
|
| Bleeding, hemorrhage |
52 |
11.1 (3.6–28.9) |
|
47 |
9.4 (3.2–24.7) |
|
| Eye problems |
13 |
3.1 (0.6–15.2) |
|
3 |
0.3 (0.04–2.7) |
|
| Death |
12 |
1.3 (0.4–3.8) |
|
2 |
0.2 (0.04–1.1) |
|
| Don’t know |
71 |
13.8 (5.4–30.7) |
|
2 |
1.0 (0.2–5.4) |
|
