Table 6. Characteristics of persons seropositive for 3 tickborne diseases, Kazakhstan*.
| Characteristics | CCHF (17/914) |
Lyme (27/911) |
Q fever (11/910) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQR |
Range | Median | IQR |
Range | Median |
IQR |
Range | |||||||
| Age, y | 54.0 | 42.0–58.0 | 21.0–68.0 | 40.0 | 32.0–46.5 | 23.0–76.0 | 50.0 | 36.5–56.5 | 25.0–72.0 | ||||||
| Household size | 6.1 | 4.7–6.7 | 3.9–13.3 | 5.2 | 4.1–6.6 | 2.8–12.4 | 5.2 | 4.9–6.2 | 4.7–13.3 | ||||||
| Land ownership, ha |
0.15 |
0.12–0.20 |
0.01–5.0 |
|
0.2 |
0.13–0.25 |
0.03–9.0 |
|
0.2 |
0.1–0.3 |
0–5 |
||||
| Animals owned, no. | |||||||||||||||
| Ovine | 7.0 | 0–20.0 | 0–200 | 15.0 | 6.0–29.5 | 0–127 | 13.0 | 1.0–39.5 | 0–105 | ||||||
| Bovine | 2.0 | 2.0–5.1 | 0–8.0 | 2.0 | 2.0–4.0 | 0–10 | 3.0 | 2.5–4.0 | 0–12 | ||||||
| Poultry | 0 | 0–3.0 | 0–23 | 0 | 0–7.5 | 0–32 | 0 | 0–11 | 0–34 | ||||||
| Equids | 0 |
0 |
0–2.0 |
|
0 |
0–1.5 |
0–15 |
|
0 |
0–1.5 |
0–6 |
||||
|
|
No. persons |
% Persons (95% CI) |
No. persons |
% Persons (95% CI) |
No. persons |
% Persons (95% CI) |
|||||||||
| Total |
17 |
1.2 (0.5–2.7) |
|
27 |
2.4 (1.2–4.6) |
|
11 |
1.3 (0.3–5.0) |
|||||||
| Village type | |||||||||||||||
| CCHF-endemic | 11 | 3.4 (1.7–6.4) | 13 | 2.0 (0.7–5.9) | 3 | 0.1 (0.02–0.9) | |||||||||
| Non–CCHF-endemic |
6 |
0.9 (0.3–2.7) |
|
14 |
2.5 (1.1–5.2) |
|
8 |
1.5 (0.4–5.9) |
|||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| M | 10 | 70.8 (31.9–92.6) | 18 | 70.1 (42.5–88.2) | 5 | 35.4 (26.8–44.9) | |||||||||
| F |
7 |
29.2 (7.4–68.1) |
|
9 |
29.9 (11.8–57.5) |
|
6 |
64.6 (55.1–73.1) |
|||||||
| Country of origin | |||||||||||||||
| Kazakhstan | 14 | 70.3 (24.6–94.5) | 24 | 89.1 (42.8–98.9) | 7 | 96.7 (46.8–99.9) | |||||||||
| Russia | 2 | 10.5 (1.6–45.4) | 1 | 0.2 (0–2.3) | 4 | 3.3 (0.1–53.2) | |||||||||
| Turkey | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 (0–0.7) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Other |
1 |
19.1 (1.7–75.6) |
|
1 |
10.7 (1.0–57.7) |
|
0 |
0 |
|||||||
| Occupation | |||||||||||||||
| Farmer, herder, animal tender | 2 | 24.2 (3.6–73.5) | 5 | 27.2 (6.0–68.6) | 1 | 1.0 (0–36.6) | |||||||||
| Gardener, fieldworker | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.2 (0–2.3) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Healthcare worker | 1 | 3.2 (0.3–28.3) | 1 | 4.4 (0.4–34.2) | 1 | 7.3 (0.1–81.4) | |||||||||
| Veterinarian | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 (0–0.7) | 0 | – | |||||||||
| Office, indoor worker | 1 | 5.4 (0.6–34.2) | 7 | 32.1 (7.0–74.7) | 1 | 7.3 (0.1–81.4) | |||||||||
| Family or household caretaker | 3 | 11.4 (2.9–35.7) | 3 | 0.9 (0.1–7.4) | 4 | 53.7 (17.8–86.1) | |||||||||
| Student | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Retired | 5 | 13.6 (3.8–38.7) | 2 | 10.2 (1.1–54.4) | 1 | 1.3 (0–43.9) | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 4 | 40.0 (9.8–80.3) | 4 | 20.6 (5.1–55.4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Other |
1 |
2.2 (0.2–17.9) |
|
3 |
4.4 (1.2–14.9) |
|
3 |
29.5 (14.8–50.2) |
|||||||
| Education level | |||||||||||||||
| None | 1 | 0.02 (0–0.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 (0–14.0) | |||||||||
| Elementary school | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Middle school | 5 | 53.9 (18.4–85.8) | 10 | 35.8 (9.6–74.7) | 4 | 87.4 (19.0–99.5) | |||||||||
| High school | 3 | 10.9 (2.6–36.4) | 5 | 4.1 (1.0–15.8) | 2 | 10.2 (0.3–80.4) | |||||||||
| Vocational school | 1 | 0.9 (0.1–8.3) | 1 | 1.1 (0.1–9.2) | 1 | 0.5 (0–14.0) | |||||||||
| College |
7 |
34.3 (8.4–74.8) |
|
11 |
58.9 (25.0–86.0) |
|
2 |
1.0 (0–18.9) |
|||||||
| Monthly income, US $ | |||||||||||||||
| <60 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.6 (0.2–23.4) | 2 | 1.0 (0–38.9) | |||||||||
| 61–150 | 10 | 53.7 (17.5–86.3) | 9 | 26.9 (5.9–68.5) | 3 | 31.0 (16.9–49.9) | |||||||||
| 151–300 | 4 | 35.0 (7.5–78.0) | 11 | 55.2 (20.0–85.9) | 1 | 7.3 (0.1–81.4) | |||||||||
| 301–450 | 1 | 0.5 (0.1–5.3) | 1 | 0.6 (0.1–5.2) | 1 | 0.3 (0–9.3) | |||||||||
| 451–600 | 0 | – | 1 | 0.6 (0.1–5.2) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Don’t know, refused |
2 |
10.9 (1.2–55.8) |
|
4 |
14.0 (2.2–54.2) |
|
3 |
60.3 (41.6–76.4) |
|||||||
| Length of time in village | |||||||||||||||
| Whole life | 15 | 76.9 (27.0–96.8) | 23 | 76.9 (27.0–96.8) | 6 | 42.2 (14.6–75.7) | |||||||||
| >5 y | 1 | 4.0 (0.3–33.6) | 1 | 4.0 (0.3–33.7) | 1 | 52.5 (16.1–86.5) | |||||||||
| 4 mo–5 y | 1 | 19.1 (1.8–75.6) | 2 | 19.1 (1.8–75.6) | 3 | 2.3 (0–60.1) | |||||||||
| 2–<4 mo |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
2.9 (0–65.7) |
|||||||
| Activities participated in during lifetime | |||||||||||||||
| Herding animals | 8 | 28.9 (10.6–58.1) | 10 | 17.7 (3.9–53.1) | 4 | 34.4 (26.3–43.6) | |||||||||
| Assisting with animal births | 6 | 31.8 (6.7–75.2) | 7 | 5.8 (1.5–20.6) | 4 | 9.1 (0.3–79.0) | |||||||||
| Shearing animals | 5 | 12.6 (3.7–35.2) | 13 | 27.9 (9.7–58.3) | 6 | 35.9 (26.8–46.1) | |||||||||
| Milking animals | 8 | 28.3 (8.0–64.1) | 9 | 22.0 (5.7–56.8) | 4 | 15.6 (0.3–92.8) | |||||||||
| Slaughtering animals | 6 | 35.6 (7.9–78.1) | 9 | 19.5 (4.6–54.6) | 5 | 34.9 (26.5–44.5) | |||||||||
| Butchering, handling raw meat | 5 | 34.7 (7.5–77.9) | 11 | 33.3 (9.8–69.6) | 5 | 30.6 (16.3–49.9) | |||||||||
| Eating raw meat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Handling ticks with bare hands | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.2 (0.2–7.1) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Having tick on body | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Working in healthcare | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.4 (0.4–34.2) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Working in garden† | 1 | 2.2 (0.2–17.9) | 3 | 10.0 (1.0–54.6) | 3 | 1.6 (0.1–33.1) | |||||||||
| Consuming unpasteurized dairy† | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
|
>1 high risk activity |
15 |
90.9 (60.3–98.5) |
|
21 |
53.5 (18.6–85.1) |
|
9 |
46.2 (14.0–81.9) |
|||||||
| Activities without personal protective equipment‡ | |||||||||||||||
| Birthing animals | 1 | 8.3 (0.7–55.0) | 2 | 73.6 (25.4–93.8) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Shearing animals | 1 | 6.7 (0.4–54.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Milking animals | 1 | 2.3 (0.2–24.0) | 2 | 39.7 (3.6–92.8) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Slaughtering animals |
4 |
83.3 (20.9–98.9) |
|
3 |
14.0 (1.7–61.0) |
|
2 |
77.3 (42.0–99.6) |
|||||||
| Illness with hemorrhaging and fever, ever | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.5 (0–14.0) |
|||||||||
*CCHF, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. †Not considered a high-risk activity. ‡No. participants who participated in this activity at any time.