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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2019 Dec;57(6):e203–e210. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.004

Table 1.

Characteristics of Respondents in Expansion and Non-expansion States Before and After Weighting by Propensity Score

Covariate Group
1:
Expand
pre		 Group
2:
Expand
post		 Group
3: No
expand
pre		 Group
4: No
expand
post		 Unweighted
standardized
difference in
means		 Weighted
standardized
difference in means
2 vs 1 3 vs 1 4 vs
1		 2 vs
1		 3 vs
1		 4 vs
1
Age, years 45.6 47.9 46.9 48.3 0.19 0.11 0.23 0 0 0.02
Female (p) 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.43 0.03 −0.01 0.06 0 0 0.04
Black (p) 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.26 0.02 0.24 0.33 0.01 −0.01 0.01
Hispanic (P) 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.01 −0.06 −0.06 −0.01 0 −0.02
High school graduate (P) 0.43 0.40 0.44 0.42 −0.05 0.02 −0.02 −0.01 0.01 −0.01
Some college (p) 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.24 0.01 −0.10 −0.10 0 −0.01 0
College graduate (p) 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 −0.05 −0.08 −0.05 0.01 −0.01 0
Usual full-time (p) 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.14 −0.07 0.11 0.02 0 0 −0.01
Usual part-time (P) 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.04 −0.01 −0.05 0 −0.01 0.01
Not in labor force (p) 0.55 0.63 0.51 0.62 0.17 −0.06 0.16 0 0.01 0.01
Smoking Intensitya 13.9 13.5 14.8 13.3 −0.04 0.09 −0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01
Years smokingb 27.9 30.5 29.0 30.1 0.20 0.09 0.21 −0.01 0.01 0.02
N 2,234 1,758 2,373 2,158

Notes: Standardized difference in means are the difference in means between each group and Group 1 divided by Group 1’s SD. Variables with means that represent proportions are denoted by (p). Boldface indicate differences in standardized means that are greater than 0.1.

a

Smoking intensity was defined as the average number of cigarettes each respondent reported smoking 1 year ago. For the respondents in the analytic sample that reported smoking less than once per day (N=1,821), there was substantial missing information (N=1,492). For these respondents, a random Poisson variable with a mean of 4 was imputed which approximately matches the distribution of smoking intensity for non-daily 1 year ago smokers whose smoking intensity was observed. For comparison, the distribution of smoking intensity for daily 1 year ago smokers approximately resembled a Poisson random variable with a mean of 16.

b

Years smoking was calculated by subtracting the age each respondent reported starting smoking regularly from their current age.