TABLE 3.
Relationship Between Opioid-use Disorders and Contributing Factors Among Hospitalized Patients With Spinal Conditions and Treatment (Multivariate regression analysis)
| Odds ratios | 95% CIs | Odds ratios | 95% CIs | |||
| Year increment (continuous variable) | 1.052 | 1.049 | 1.054 | |||
| Year dummy (categorial variable) | ||||||
| 2010–2014 | 1.268 | 1.252 | 1.284 | |||
| 2005–2009 | Reference | |||||
| Age group. y | ||||||
| <30 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 30–39 | 0.996 | 0.972 | 1.021 | 0.997 | 0.973 | 1.022 |
| 40–49 | 0.702 | 0.686 | 0.719 | 0.704 | 0.687 | 0.721 |
| 50–59 | 0.567 | 0.554 | 0.580 | 0.565 | 0.552 | 0.579 |
| 60–69 | 0.291 | 0.283 | 0.300 | 0.290 | 0.282 | 0.298 |
| 70–79 | 0.130 | 0.125 | 0.135 | 0.130 | 0.125 | 0.135 |
| ≥80 | 0.063 | 0.060 | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.060 | 0.066 |
| Male sex | 1.083 | 1.069 | 1.098 | 1.083 | 1.068 | 1.097 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Black | 0.601 | 0.587 | 0.615 | 0.600 | 0.587 | 0.614 |
| Hispanic | 0.696 | 0.677 | 0.714 | 0.695 | 0.677 | 0.714 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.407 | 0.373 | 0.445 | 0.405 | 0.371 | 0.443 |
| Native American/other | 0.765 | 0.735 | 0.796 | 0.765 | 0.735 | 0.796 |
| Median household income | ||||||
| 0–25th percentile | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 26th–50th percentile | 1.004 | 0.987 | 1.021 | 1.001 | 0.984 | 1.019 |
| 51st–75th percentile | 1.046 | 1.028 | 1.065 | 1.046 | 1.028 | 1.065 |
| 76th–100th percentile | 1.090 | 1.069 | 1.111 | 1.089 | 1.068 | 1.111 |
| Primary payer | ||||||
| Private insurance | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Medicare | 1.668 | 1.637 | 1.699 | 1.667 | 1.636 | 1.698 |
| Medicaid | 1.780 | 1.746 | 1.814 | 1.771 | 1.737 | 1.805 |
| Uninsured | 1.965 | 1.918 | 2.014 | 1.963 | 1.916 | 2.011 |
| Other | 1.114 | 1.081 | 1.148 | 1.114 | 1.081 | 1.148 |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.059 | 1.055 | 1.063 | 1.060 | 1.055 | 1.064 |
| Severity of illness subclass | ||||||
| APR-DRG 0,1, lowest | Reference | Reference | ||||
| APR-DRG 2 | 1.446 | 1.422 | 1.470 | 1.446 | 1.423 | 1.470 |
| APR-DRG 3 | 1.473 | 1.443 | 1.504 | 1.463 | 1.433 | 1.494 |
| APR-DRG 4, highest | 1.313 | 1.273 | 1.354 | 1.308 | 1.268 | 1.349 |
| Cannabis-use disorders | ||||||
| Yes | 1.714 | 1.666 | 1.765 | 1.707 | 1.659 | 1.757 |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Substance-use disorders | ||||||
| Yes | 5.382 | 5.299 | 5.466 | 5.389 | 5.306 | 5.473 |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Mental health conditions | ||||||
| Yes | 2.203 | 2.172 | 2.234 | 2.194 | 2.163 | 2.225 |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Hospital region | ||||||
| West | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Northeast | 0.983 | 0.965 | 1.002 | 0.987 | 0.968 | 1.006 |
| Midwest | 0.644 | 0.631 | 0.658 | 0.643 | 0.629 | 0.656 |
| South | 0.756 | 0.742 | 0.769 | 0.755 | 0.742 | 0.768 |
APR-DRG indicates all-patient refined diagnosis-related group; CI, confidence interval.