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. 2019 Dec 20;10:5810. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13712-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, b PVP-C@LDO and CoFe LDO-based conventional Li–O₂ battery. c, d Multistaged pretreatment of PVP-C@LDO and CoFe LDO cathodes. Stage I: PVP-C@LDO/CoFe LDO|0.8 M KPF₆-EC: DEC (1:1)|K. Stage II: PVP-C@LDO/CoFe LDO|1 M LiTFSI-TEGDME|Li. e, f Cycling performance of PVP-C@LDO and CoFe LDO after multistaged discharge. Current densities are 100 mA g⁻¹. g, h Nyquist plots and cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves of PVP-C@LDO before and after discharge at a stage I and stage II. i Schematic representation of the formation of film-like Li_2−xO₂ after multistaged discharge.