Table 2.
Association of proteins with incident heart failure.
| HF, all-cause (age, sex) | HF, all-cause (+risk factors) | HF, all-cause (+renal function) | HF, nonischemic (age, sex) | HF, nonischemic (+risk factors) | HF, nonischemic (+renal function) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vascular messengers | ||||||
| Nt-proBNP | 1.84, 4 × 10−7 | 1.92, 2 × 10−6 | 1.96, 1 × 10−5 | 1.62, 2 × 10−4 | 1.81, 2 × 10−4 | 1.68, 0.002 |
| Matrix remodeling | ||||||
| TSP2 | 1.55, 8 × 10−8 | 1.75, 0.002 | 1.40, 0.01 | 1.52, 9 × 10−7 | 1.51, 0.003 | 1.39, 0.02 |
| Immune system | ||||||
| CXCL13 | 1.45, 6 × 10−8 | 1.45, 2 × 10−5 | 1.32, 6 × 10−3 | 1.44, 3 × 10−7 | 1.37, 9 × 10−4 | 1.28, 0.03 |
| CRP | 1.86, 3 × 10−7 | 1.43, 0.01 | 1.45, 0.01 | 1.67, 7 × 10−5 | 1.23, 0.14 | 1.23, 0.02 |
| IL-1R antagonist protein | 1.42, 1 × 10−5 | 1.15, 0.26 | 1.16, 0.21 | 1.41, 7 × 10−5 | 1.11, 0.46 | 1.16, 0.26 |
| IL-18 receptor 1 | 1.57, 2 × 10−5 | 1.45, 0.003 | 1.34, 0.02 | 1.54, 2 × 10−4 | 1.37, 0.01 | 1.31, 0.04 |
| Complement system | ||||||
| C5a | 1.72, 5 × 10−9 | 1.67, 3 × 10−5 | 1.74, 4 × 10−5 | 1.73, 7 × 10−9 | 1.56, 9 × 10−5 | 1.74, 4 × 10−5 |
| C9 | 1.75, 9 × 10−6 | 2.08, 2 × 10−6 | 1.93, 5 × 10−5 | 1.72, 7 × 10−5 | 1.91, 2 × 10−5 | 2.08, 2 × 10−5 |
| Coagulation system | ||||||
| Protein C | 0.55, 3 × 10−7 | 0.64, 4 × 10−4 | 0.70, 0.01 | 0.59,3 × 10−4 | 0.67, 0.006 | 0.71, 0.03 |
| tPA | 1.64, 1 × 10−5 | 1.21, 0.16 | 1.23, 0.21 | 1.81, 2 × 10−6 | 1.49, 0.005 | 1.40, 0.04 |
| Intracellular or membrane-bound | ||||||
| Gelsolin | 0.55, 6 × 10−8 | 0.57, 2 × 10−4 | 0.61, 0.001 | 0.53, 4 × 10−7 | 0.55, 4 × 10−5 | 0.53, 2 × 10−5 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 13 | 0.67, 1 × 10−6 | 0.77, 0.007 | 0.79, 0.05 | 0.67, 4 × 10−6 | 0.78, 0.02 | 0.77, 0.04 |
| Contactin-1 | 0.55, 2 × 10−6 | 0.56, 4 × 10−4 | 0.63, 0.001 | 0.50, 8 × 10−8 | 0.52, 1 × 10−4 | 0.54, 2 × 10−5 |
| DUSP3 | 0.69, 1 × 10−5 | 0.79, 0.02 | 0.82, 0.09 | 0.70, 6 × 10−5 | 0.79, 0.01 | 0.80, 0.07 |
| PRKACA | 0.73, 2 × 10−5 | 0.80, 0.03 | 0.85, 0.19 | 0.73, 4 × 10−5 | 0.82, 0.06 | 0.79, 0.01 |
| Netrin receptor UNC5D | 0.66, 3 × 10−5 | 0.78, 0.03 | 0.82, 0.14 | 0.64, 3 × 10−5 | 0.79, 0.07 | 0.77, 0.07 |
Proteins associated with heart failure, grouped according to functional annotations and sorted by p value. Results are hazards ratios, scaled to 1 standard deviation for each biomarker, and p values from Cox proportional hazards models with Prentice weighting in patients without heart failure at baseline. The outcome in the first three models is all-cause heart failure and nonischemic heart failure in the final two models. Three models are presented for each outcome, one with adjustment for age and sex, one with additional adjustment for established risk factors for HF, including body mass index, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, use of antihypertensive therapy), cholesterol concentration (low density and high density), current smoking, history of diabetes and coronary heart disease, and one final model with renal function also as estimated from creatinine