Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of study population according to the smoking status.
| Never smokers | Ex-smokers | Current smokers | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 14,380,975; 61.9%) | (n = 3,145,147; 13.5%) | (n = 5,705,969; 24.6%) | |
| Male sex (%) | 3,625,811 (25.2) | 2,913,030 (92.6) | 5,240,583 (91.8) |
| Age (years) | 48.9 ± 14.8 | 50.1 ± 13.4 | 43.4 ± 12.9 |
| Age categories | |||
| 20–39 | 3,689,380 (25.7) | 700,064 (22.3) | 2,353,989 (41.3) |
| 40–64 | 8,322,049 (57.9) | 1,962,144 (62.4) | 2,957,639 (51.8) |
| ≥65 | 2,369,546 (16.5) | 482,939 (15.4) | 394,341 (6.9) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Non-drinker | 10,046,912 (69.9) | 1,005,767 (32.0) | 1,398,246 (24.5) |
| Up to 30 g/day | 4,062,366 (28.3) | 1,773,883 (56.4) | 3,408,447 (59.7) |
| More than 30 g/day | 271,697 (1.9) | 365,497 (11.6) | 899,276 (15.8) |
| Regularly exercise | 6,578,023 (45.7) | 1,948,877 (62.0) | 2,992,952 (52.5) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.3 |
| BMI categories | |||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 680,982 (4.7) | 61,798 (2.0) | 198,756 (3.5) |
| 18.5–23 kg/m2 | 6,143,663 (42.7) | 959,450 (30.5) | 2,131,459 (37.4) |
| 23–25 kg/m2 | 3,340,464 (23.2) | 877,229 (27.9) | 1,401,449 (24.6) |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 3,705,300 (25.8) | 1,134,436 (36.1) | 1,735,753 (30.4) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 510,566 (3.6) | 112,234 (3.6) | 238,552 (4.2) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.1 ± 9.3 | 84.1 ± 8.1 | 82.6 ± 8.5 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 121.2 ± 15.6 | 125.2 ± 14.6 | 123.4 ± 14.2 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.1 ± 10.1 | 78.1 ± 9.9 | 77.3 ± 9.9 |
| Hypertension | 3,768,218 (26.2) | 1,052,872 (33.5) | 1,295,427 (22.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,226,829 (8.5) | 390,300 (12.4) | 538,169 (9.4) |
| Dyslipidemia | 2,842,502 (19.8) | 683,577 (21.7) | 949,154 (16.6) |
| History of stroke | 131,823 (1.4) | 57,751 (2.7) | 42,640 (1.2) |
| History of heart disease | 295,745 (3.2) | 108,666 (5.1) | 76,822 (2.1) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 923,335 (6.4) | 174,041 (5.5) | 179,267 (3.1) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.5 | 14.7 ± 1.3 | 15.0 ± 1.3 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 96.4 ± 21.9 | 101.0 ± 25.1 | 98.7 ± 25.8 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.7 ± 37.0 | 195.5 ± 36.5 | 194.3 ± 36.8 |
| Proteinuria | 350,718 (2.4) | 91,457 (2.9) | 141,676 (2.5) |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, or n (%).
BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.