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. 2019 Dec 20;9:19500. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55739-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or the CXCR2 antagonist, SCH527123, on the TBI-induced neuroinflammation in superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. (a) Photomicrographs of the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (outlined in red) from sham, TBI vehicle-treated or 5,7-DHT-treated or SCH527123-treated mice stained with the microglial marker, IBA-1, (a: top panel) or the astrocyte marker, GFAP, (a: bottom panel). (b) TBI resulted in a significant increase in IBA-1 expression at 3 days post-injury (DPI) in vehicle-treated mTBI mice compared to vehicle-treated sham mice. The TBI-induced increase in IBA-1 expression was significantly reduced by both the spinal application of 5,7-DHT (50 µg, i.t.) and the systemic administration of SCH527123 (10 mg/kg, i.p). (c) A significant increase in GFAP expression in the superficial dorsal horns was observed on day 3 post injury and the spinal application of 5,7-DHT significantly attenuated this increase. In contrast, SCH527123 had no effect on the TBI-induced astrocyte response to injury. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD post-hoc tests. Error bars: SEM, n = 10–12/group, ***p < 0.001 for comparison to sham/vehicle group and ^###p < 0.001 for comparison to respective TBI/vehicle groups. Scale bar: 50 µm.