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. 2019 Dec 20;9:19482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55736-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Genome-wide association mapping of leaf cadmium (top) and zinc (bottom) of 206,088 SNPs across 340 A. thaliana accessions using a mixed model analysis. Horizontal blue line indicates suggestive significance (-log₁₀(1e-5)), horizontal red line indicates genome-wide significance (−log₁₀(1e-7.5)) (a). Chromosome 4 detail (b). Relative expression of AtHMA3 in roots of A. thaliana Col-0, CSHL-5 and Col-0::HMA3^CSHL−5 lines. PEX4 and EF1-α4 were used as internal normalization standard across all samples and HMA3 expression levels were calculated by 2^−ΔCT method⁵² (c). Concentration of cadmium (d) and zinc (e) in leaves. Bars correspond to the means of biological replicates and the error bars correspond to the standard error. Letters above bars indicate statistically significant differences using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test using a 95% confidence interval.