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. 2019 Dec 20;9:19482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55736-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Working model of how AtHMA3 function changes the Zn homeostasis transcriptional network. (A) Zn homeostasis in roots of plants with hypo-functional/non-functional AtHMA3. Zn in the symplast is maintained low, and Zn is also stored in the root vacuoles. (B) Zn homeostasis changes in roots of plants with higher AtHMA3 function. Higher AtHMA3 function results in (1) higher vacuolar Zn storage, and a consequent lowering of Zn symplastic concentration, which result in (2) decreased Zn root-to-shoot translocation and decreased cytosolic Zn concentration. (C) As a result of decreased Zn root-to-shoot translocation and presumable lower Zn concentration in shoots and/or roots, (3) Zn uptake transporters are up regulated, which (4) re-establish Zn symplastic concentration, Zn xylem and therefore maintain Zn shoot concentration. (D) As a result of sustained up regulation of Zn uptake transporters, roots might undergo local, transient Zn excess in the cytoplasm, which explain (5) up regulation of Zn vacuolar detoxification transporters. The order of event may be different than presented. Changes in ‘Zn’ font size represent higher/lower Zn concentrations. Changes in the transparency of the text represent variation in the expression of transporters (less transparent more expression).