Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Early-EX (n = 21) | Late-EX (n = 25) | Sporadic-EX (n = 24) | Controls (n = 18) | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age (yrs.)a,b | 23.7 | 3.5 | 24.2 | 3.1 | 21.2 | 2.3 | 22.6 | 3.0 | 0.003 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.1 | 16.5 | 96.9 | 19.7 | 87.8 | 17.5 | 87.4 | 14.6 | 0.173 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 | 3.6 | 32.0 | 5.5 | 30.6 | 4.9 | 29.5 | 3.6 | 0.246 |
| Body composition (kg) | |||||||||
| Fat mass | 33.5 | 8.4 | 36.6 | 9.5 | 34.3 | 11.2 | 34.1 | 7.7 | 0.658 |
| Fat-free mass | 51.1 | 10.1 | 55.9 | 13 | 48.9 | 9.6 | 49.2 | 9.7 | 0.086 |
| Time of exercise sessions (%) | |||||||||
| Early sessions (7:00 am–11:59 am)c,d,e | 69.6 | 14.1 | 19.9 | 11.7 | 40.2 | 7.5 | - | - | <0.0001 |
| Mid-day sessions (12:00 pm–2:59 pm)d,e | 11.4 | 10.5 | 12.8 | 9.8 | 27.0 | 10.6 | - | - | <0.0001 |
| Late sessions (3:00 pm or later)c,d,e | 17.6 | 13.0 | 65.9 | 11.9 | 31.3 | 11.2 | - | - | <0.0001 |
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Female (n %) | 10 | 47.6 | 11 | 44.0 | 15 | 62.5 | 50 | 9.0 | 0.601 |
| Randomized group (n %) | 0.424 | ||||||||
| 400 kcal/session | 8 | 38.1 | 14 | 56.0 | 13 | 54.2 | - | - | |
| 600 kcal/session | 13 | 61.9 | 11 | 44.0 | 11 | 45.8 | - | - | |
Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise stated. yrs. = years, cm = centimeters, kg = kilogram, m = meters, Ex = exerciser
aSignificant differences Sporadic-EX vs. Early-EX p < 0.05
bSignificant differences Sporadic-EX vs. Early-EX p < 0.01
cSignificant differences Sporadic-EX vs. Early-EX p < 0.0001
dSignificant differences Sporadic-EX vs. Late-EX p < 0.0001
eSignificant differences Early-EX vs. Late-EX p < 0.0001