Figure 5. Behavioral deficits in Usp9x knockout mice.

A. Adult Usp9x forebrain-specific knockout mice (Usp9x^−/Y; Emx1-Cre) travel further than wildtype littermate controls (Usp9x^LoxP/Y) in an open field test. B. Knockout mice also exhibited significant differences in various parameters of the modified SHIRPA neurological screening protocol (also see Supplementary Table 4); * p < 0.05; 2-tailed unpaired t test. C. Schematic of the active place avoidance (APA) arena. D-I. Knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced performance on different aspects of the APA task. Statistics relate to comparisons between wild-type and knockout animals on individual days of the five day test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; two way ANOVA (also see Figure S16). J-L. Coronal sections of adult wild-type (left 2 panels) and mutant (right two panels) at the level of the hippocampus. OCT6 (red) was used a marker for CA1 hippocampal neurons, and DAPI (blue) was used to label nuclei. Whereas the density of OCT6-expressing neurons was not different between control and mutant animals (K), the total number of OCT6-expressing neurons per CA1 region was reduced within the hippocampus of mutant animals. * p < 0.05; t test. Scale bars in J; 250 μm in low magnification images; 30 μm in high magnification images.