Table 2.
Metabolomic studies in the case of FSGS, MGN and IgAN
| CKD Type | Sample Type | Method | Putative Biomarkers | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MGN | Urine | GC-MS | dopamine, fumarate, carnosine, nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide, pyridoxal, deoxyguanosine triphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, L-citrulline, nico¬tinamide, deoxyuridine, phenylalanine, tryptamine, succinate | (Taherkhani et al., 2018) |
| Urine | GC-MS 1H-NMR | α-hydroxybutyric acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5α-cholestanone, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone, nicotinamide, epicoprostanol, palmitic acid | (Taherkhani et al., 2019) | |
| Urine, serum | GC/MS |
Urine: cis-Aconitic acid, Lactose, Erythritol, Xylitol, Galactitol, Inositol, Glyceric acid, 2,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid, Threonic acid, 2-Deoxyribonic acid, 2-Ketogluconic acid, Glutaric acid, 3-Methylglutaric acid, Adipic acid, 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid, Suberic acid, 3-Hydroxysebacic acid, Mandelic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Vanillic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid, Vanillactic acid, Cytosine, Quinolinic acid, Cholesterol Serum: m-Cresol, 2-Keto-3-methylvaleric acid, L-Asparagine, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Pyroglutamic acid, Citric acid, Glucose, Cholesterol |
(Gao et al., 2012) | |
| IgAN | Urine | LC-MALDI-TOF/MS, proteins arrays, immunomagnetic isolation | 8-hydroxy guanosine, dodecanal, leukotriene C4 | (Neprasova et al., 2016) |
| Serum | NOESYPR and TOCSY 1H-NMR | phenylalanine, lactate, myo-Inositol, L6 lipids, L5 lipids and L3 lipids as well as lower levels of α- and β-glucose, valine, phosphocholine, tyrosine, lysine, isoleucine, glycine, glycerolphosphocholine, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, acetate, 1-methylhistidine and 3-hydroxybutyrate | (Sui et al., 2012) | |
| FSGS | Urine | CPMG 1H-NMR | citrulline, proline, dimethylamine, acetoacetate, valine, alphaketoisovaleric acid, isobutyrate, histidine, D-Palmitylcarnitine, N-methylnicotinamide | (S. Kalantari et al., 2016) |
| Urine | CPMG 1H-NMR | valine, hippurate, pyruvate, isoleucine, citrate, phenylacetylglycine, tyrosine, β-hydroxyisovalerate, 3-methylhistidine, di- methylamine, tri-methyamine | (Hao et al., 2013) |
MGN Membranous glomerulonephritis, IgAN Immunoglobulin A nephropathy, FSGS Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, MCD Minimal change disease