Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Characteristic | Men (n = 2281) | Women (n = 2314) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 60.14 ± 8.68 | 62.02 ± 9.66 | < 0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | 0.1823 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 78.88 | 77.20 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 8.96 | 10.08 | |
| Mexican American | 4.57 | 3.96 | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 7.59 | 8.76 | |
| BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 28.73 ± 5.21 | 29.11 ± 6.90 | 0.0396 |
| Education (%) | 0.0003 | ||
| Less than high school | 19.83 | 20.75 | |
| High school | 23.47 | 28.09 | |
| More than high school | 56.70 | 51.16 | |
| Income to poverty ratio, mean ± SD | 3.39 ± 1.53 | 3.12 ± 1.58 | < 0.0001 |
| Physical activity (MET-based rank) (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Sits, not walk very much | 15.16 | 22.21 | |
| Walk a lot | 23.99 | 28.89 | |
| Climb stairs or hills often | 17.50 | 18.06 | |
| Heavy activity | 34.20 | 25.85 | |
| Not recorded | 9.15 | 4.99 | |
| Smoking behavior (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| None | 34.76 | 56.57 | |
| Past | 42.60 | 28.17 | |
| Current | 22.64 | 15.26 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non-drinker | 32.66 | 46.92 | |
| Moderate alcohol use | 42.60 | 35.86 | |
| High alcohol use | 38.32 | 17.22 | |
| Serum calcium, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 9.49 ± 0.37 | 9.54 ± 0.39 | < 0.0001 |
| Serum vitamin D, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 23.69 ± 8.35 | 22.65 ± 9.26 | < 0.0001 |
| Lumbar BMD, mean ± SD (g/cm2) | 1.06 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.16 | < 0.0001 |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: P value was calculated by weighted linear regression model
Percent for categorical variables: P value was calculated by weighted chi-square test
BMI body mass index, BMD bone mineral density