Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics by Expansion Status and Difference-in-Difference (DID) Estimates (n=58,365)
| Overall | Expansion states | Control states | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | n (%) | Pre-expansion n (%) | Post-expansion n (%) | Percentage point change pre to post | Pre-expansion n (%) | Post-expansion n (%) | Percentage point change pre to post | Minimally adjustedb DID β (p-value) |
Adjustedc DID β (p-value) |
| Overall | 58,365 | 10,628 | 5,871 | 26,670 | 15,196 | ||||
| Race | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white/other | 34,434 (59.0) |
6,315 (59.5) |
3,599 (61.3) |
1.8 | 15,784 (59.2) |
8,736 (57.5) |
−1.7 | – | – |
| Non-Hispanic black | 11,375 (19.5) |
1,471 (13.8) |
771 (13.1) |
−0.7 | 6,049 (22.7) |
3,084 (20.3) |
−2.4 | – | – |
| Hispanic | 12,556 (21.5) |
2,842 (26.7) |
1,501 (25.6) |
−1.1 | 4,837 (18.1) |
3,376 (22.2) |
4.1 | – | – |
| Education | |||||||||
| Did not graduate high school | 10,283 (17.6) |
1,906 (17.9) |
981 (16.7) |
−1.2 | 4,823 (18.1) |
2,573 (16.9) |
−1.2 | – | – |
| Graduated high school | 21,269 (36.4) |
3,916 (36.8) |
2,155 (36.7) |
−0.1 | 9,709 (36.4) |
5,489 (36.1) |
−0.3 | – | – |
| Attended college | 19,403 (33.2) |
3,585 (33.7) |
1,976 (33.7) |
0.0 | 8,838 (33.1) |
5,004 (32.9) |
−0.2 | – | – |
| Graduated college | 7,410 (12.7) |
1,221 (11.5) |
759 (12.9) |
1.4 | 3,300 (12.4) |
2,130 (14.0) |
1.6 | – | – |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/Unmarried couple vs Divorced, widowed, separated, never married | 21,094 (36.1) |
3,966 (37.3) |
2,217 (37.8) |
0.5 | 9,256 (34.7) |
5,655 (37.2) |
2.5 | – | – |
| Dependent children in household? | |||||||||
| Yes | 46,146 (79.1) |
8,485 (79.8) |
4,426 (75.4) |
−4.4 | 21,438 (80.4) |
11,797 (77.6) |
−2.8 | – | – |
| Health insurance | |||||||||
| Healthcare coverage | 38,469 (66.1) |
6,659 (62.8) |
4,864 (83.2) |
20.4 | 16,135 (60.7) |
10,811 (71.4) |
10.7 |
9.2 (<0.01) |
9.0 (<0.01) |
| Access to health care | |||||||||
| Avoided seeking care due to cost | 20,424 (35.1) |
3,972 (37.4) |
1,254 (21.4) |
−16.0 | 10,511 (39.5) |
4,687 (30.9) |
−8.6 |
−7.3 (<0.01) |
−7.4 (<0.01) |
| Preventive health care | |||||||||
| Check-up in last year | 34,922 (60.8) |
6,117 (58.4) |
3,863 (67.2) |
8.7 | 15,552 (56.2) |
9,390 (62.9) |
3.7 |
5.2 (<0.01) |
5.1 (<0.01)d |
| Ever had blood cholesterol checked | 20,901 (61.8) |
4,088 (61.0) |
1,711 (64.9) |
3.9 | 10,777 (61.3) |
4,325 (62.5) |
1.2 | 2.0 (0.24) | 2.2 (0.13) |
| Last cholesterol check within a year | 13,173 (64.1) |
2,515 (62.3) |
1,140 (67.9) |
5.6 | 6,744 (63.6) |
2,774 (65.5) |
1.9 | 3.8 (0.05) | 3.6 (0.06) |
| Overall health | |||||||||
| Self-rated health good/very good/excellent | 44,154 (75.9) |
7,877 (74.2) |
4,435 (75.8) |
1.6 | 20,296 (76.3) |
11,546 (76.2) |
−0.1 | 1.5 (0.16) | 2.3 (0.03) |
| Experienced physical health distress in past month | 9,190 (16.0) |
1,808 (17.3) |
947 (16.4) |
−0.9 | 4,152 (15.8) |
2,283 (15.3) |
−0.5 | −0.5 (0.55) |
−1.0 (0.19) |
| Experienced mental health distress in past month | 13,914 (24.2) |
2,603 (24.8) |
1,412 (24.4) |
−0.4 | 6,338 (24.1) |
3,561 (23.8) |
−0.3 | −0.6 (0.56) |
−1.1 (0.23) |
| Chronic disease | |||||||||
| Has been told she has/had high blood pressure | 6,316 (17.9) |
1,216 (17.5) |
446 (16.2) |
−1.3 | 3,407 (18.6) |
1,247 (17.2) |
−1.4 | −0.1 (0.95) |
−0.6 (0.62) |
| Has been told she has/had high cholesterol | 4,726 (22.7) |
983 (24.2) |
324 (19.0) |
−5.2 | 2,549 (23.8) |
870 (20.2) |
−3.6 | −1.2 (0.25) |
−1.6 (0.13) |
| Has been told she has/had diabetes | 3,490 (6.0) |
601 (5.7) |
323 (5.5) |
−0.2 | 1,637 (6.1) |
929 (6.1) |
0.0 | −0.1 (0.69) |
−0.4 (0.25) |
| Has been told she has/had prediabetes or borderline diabetes | 1,798 (7.8) |
354 (7.2) |
201 (8.8) |
1.6 | 700 (7.6) |
543 (8.2) |
0.6 | 0.0 (0.97) | −0.3 (0.77) |
| Currently taking blood pressure medicationa | 3,526 (55.9) |
644 (53.0) |
259 (58.2) |
5.2 | 1,935 (56.8) |
688 (55.2) |
−1.6 |
7.3 (<0.01)d |
7.9 (<0.01)d |
| Currently takes insulina | 481 (34.9) |
111 (30.7) |
36 (34.3) |
3.6 | 237 (37.0) |
97 (35.7) |
−1.3 |
12.4 (0.02) |
11.4 (<0.01) |
| Health behaviors | |||||||||
| Smoking cessation attempt in last yeara | 11,814 (64.7) |
2,240 (62.2) |
1,119 (61.9) |
−0.3 | 5,662 (66.0) |
2,793 (65.4) |
−0.6 | 0.2 (0.90) | 0.3 (0.87) |
| Underweight or normal weight vs overweight or obese | 19,481 (35.8) |
3,694 (37.0) |
1,973 (36.4) |
−0.6 | 8,902 (35.6) |
4,912 (35.1) |
−0.5 | −0.1 (0.92) |
−0.3 (0.75) |
| Binge drinking | 7,893 (14.3) |
1,463 (14.5) |
770 (13.7) |
−0.8 | 3,646 (14.5) |
2,014 (13.9) |
−0.6 | −0.5 (0.55) |
−0.8 (0.25) |
| Heavy drinking | 2,496 (4.5) |
482 (4.8) |
241 (4.3) |
−0.5 | 1,125 (4.5) |
648 (4.5) |
0.0 | −0.7 (0.09) |
−1.0 (0.01) |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
a
This item was asked to only a subset of the sample based on responses to prior survey items (Appendix Tables 4 and 5).
b
Models include only state, year, and the interaction between expansion status and pre/post time period.
c
Models additionally adjusted for state, year, race, education, marital status, dependent children, age group, employment status, household size, income group, and state average unemployment rate.
d
Reject null hypothesis after applying Holm-Bonferroni correction.